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成瘾可分为物质成瘾和行为成瘾, 两类成瘾人群在跨期选择上都表现出高时间折扣率的缺陷, 但也有各自的特异性特征。成瘾人群跨期选择缺陷的神经基础主要集中在评估网络(腹内侧前额叶、纹状体、后扣带皮层等)、认知控制网络(前额叶皮层、前扣带皮层等)和预期想象网络(海马、杏仁核等); 可利用心理训练来改善成瘾人群跨期选择缺陷, 其干预方法包括工作记忆训练、预期想象训练、金钱管理指导等。未来研究应该从成瘾者跨期选择缺陷的认知机制、3个神经网络系统的交互作用机理、行为遗传学以及开发有效的干预方法等方面展开大量研究。 相似文献
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Beebe B Badalamenti A Jaffe J Feldstein S Marquette L Helbraun E Demetri-Friedman D Flaster C Goodman P Kaminer T Kaufman-Balamuth L Putterman J Stepakoff S Ellman L 《Journal of psycholinguistic research》2008,37(5):293-307
The prediction of events and the creation of expectancies about their time course is a crucial aspect of an infant's mental life, but temporal mechanisms underlying these predictions are obscure. Scalar timing, in which the ratio of mean durations to their standard deviations is held constant, enables a person to use an estimate of the mean for its standard deviation. It is one efficient mechanism that may facilitate predictability and the creation of expectancies in mother-infant interaction. We illustrate this mechanism with the dyadic gaze rhythm of mother and infant looking at and looking away from each other's faces. Two groups of Hi- and Lo-Distress mothers were created using self-reported depression, anxiety, self-criticism and childhood experiences. Lo-Distress infants (controls) used scalar timing 100% of the time, about double that of Hi-Distress infants. Lo-Distress mothers used scalar timing about nine times as much as Hi-Distress mothers. The diminished use of scalar timing patterns in Hi-Distress mothers and infants may make the anticipation of each other's gaze patterns more difficult for both partners. 相似文献
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Rutter M 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2008,36(7):969-975
Gene–environment interaction (G × E) has been treated as both a statistical phenomenon and a biological reality. It is argued
that, although there are important statistical issues that need to be considered, the focus has to be on the biological implications
of G × E. Four reports of G × E deriving from the Dunedin longitudinal study are used as exemplars of the biological considerations
that should lead to an hypothesis-driven choice of the specific genetic polymorphisms and the specific environmental influence
to be investigated. The same four studies are used to discuss how the assessment of internal and external validity can be
undertaken and how experimental approaches in humans and with animal models may be informative in the elucidation of the relevant
operative biological mechanisms. 相似文献
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关于安慰剂效应的研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
安慰剂效应是指由安慰剂所引起的可观察的行为.本文讨论了安慰剂效应的确切定义,安慰剂效应的强度差异,以及临床背景、患者的人格特质、安慰剂的特征和医患关系等因素对安慰剂效应的影响.目前研究者普遍认为安慰剂效应通过期待和条件作用产生.近期的一个研究热点是疼痛和帕金森氏症背景下期待引起的安慰剂效应的神经机制. 相似文献
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Russell H. Tuttle 《Zygon》2006,41(1):139-168
Abstract. I selectively and critically review the state of knowledge about human evolution and the place of humans vis‐à‐vis living apes, with emphasis on bipedal posture and locomotion, expansion of the brain and associated cognitive capacities, speech, tool behavior, culture, and society. I end with a personal perspective on God and Heaven. 相似文献
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Cognitive theories propose that the resolution of ambiguity is related to the maintenance of social anxiety. A sentence completion task was used to examine how individuals high (n=26) and low (n=23) in social anxiety resolve ambiguous social sentences. Individuals were asked to generate as many responses as came to mind for each sentence, and then to endorse the response that best completes the sentence. Total responses, first responses, and endorsed responses were examined separately. Results indicated that high anxious individuals had more negative and anxious responses and fewer positive and neutral responses than low anxious individuals on all sentence completion measures. In contrast, a self-report measure of interpretation bias indicated that more of negative and anxious appraisals were related to social anxiety, while positive and neutral appraisals were not. Results are discussed in terms of a multi-stage processing model of interpretation biases. 相似文献