医患关系由“双输”到“双赢”

我国医患关系日趋紧张已是一个不争的事实,日趋恶化的医患关系使患者无奈、天使流泪、医院苦恼、政府尴尬,可谓"全盘皆输"。实现和谐医患关系达到"全赢",必须解决影响医疗服务水平的这一关键障碍,需要政府、医院、医务人员和患者多方的共同努力。     

家校合作研究述评

近30年来．国内外研究者在家校合作的研究和实践上取得了一些卓有成效的研究成果。本文从家校合作分类、家校合作模式及实践、家校合作的理论基础三个方面介绍了家校合作研究的进展,并分析了我国家校合作研究存在的问题以及未来的研究走向。     

中小学生师生关系发展特征研究

本研究从学生角度去探讨中小学师生关系在亲密性、主动性和合作性等方面的特点。研究结果表明：师生关系亲密性总体呈随年级升高下降的趋势,女生在师生关系亲密性上得分比男生高;师生关系主动性总体随年级升高而降低,年级X性别的交互作用在中小学都很明提;师生关系合作性总体随年级升高而降低,年级X性别的交互作用最明显出现在小四至初二阶段;师生关系的亲密性、合作性和主动性三方面并非平均发展,合作性表现最高,主动性表现最低,亲密性居中。     

无法解释的躯体症状患者的医患关系研究

无法解释的躯体症状（MUS）这个术语来源于西方,目前也成为我国临床各科门诊常见就诊原因。 MUS 患者的躯体症状体验真实,但是找不到任何器质性异常,导致患者反复就医。其与接诊医生的医患关系成为研究的热点。本研究分别从医患两个视角出发,通过横断面研究发现门诊 MUS 患者医患双方对医患关系的评价较低,MUS 成为一个重要的变量影响了门诊医生对医患关系的评价。借鉴中医理论和方法避免身心分离对治疗 M US 患者有重要意义。     

在叙事中看到的医学景象——医学人文化的回归

疾病不仅仅是一个生物过程,而且还是一段经历,可能对人的一生都会产生影响。然而,在这样一个技术被广泛应用的时代里,医生通过与患者的对话——＂叙事＂去了解并缓解其疾痛已然成为一种奢侈。本文旨在通过综述叙事医学的起源及发展历史,探讨叙事与医学的相关性及可能的应用,并对叙事医学的发展方向及未来的医学景象作出展望。此外,还将＂叙事＂中折射出的临床医生角色功能归纳为五个要素：不只有循证,还说故事;不只谈疾病,还需整合;不只讲科学,还给关怀;不只能严谨,还会沟通;不只顾功能,还重意义。     

Changes in cooperative behaviour and belief in finitely repeated social dilemmas

Economic and psychological studies have determined the tendency to improve cooperation in initial interactions in which people are required to contribute in public good games. The current study examined the behavioural changes of individuals during finite interaction times. Participants were invited to make decisions twice in a step‐level public good game, and their belief in achieving the collective interest was measured. Participants were divided into three groups based on their first decisions. Results showed that high contributors demonstrated high levels of contribution in their subsequent interactions, whereas low and equal contributors increased their levels of contribution after the initial interaction. Additionally, the cooperative level of low contributors increased along with their cooperative belief. The theoretical and practical implications of changes of behaviour and belief in repeated social dilemmas were identified.     

Is the Effect of Behavioral Synchrony on Cooperative Behavior Mediated by Pain Threshold?

Synchronized behavior results in a variety of prosocial behaviors. Research has also implicated that interpersonal synchrony affects pain thresholds, inferred as indicative of endorphin levels. The current study was designed to see if these pain threshold effects mediated the effect of synchrony on interpersonal cooperation. Twenty six individuals were randomly assigned to complete a 30 minute run on a treadmill in either a synchronized or nonsynchronized condition. Pain threshold was measured both before and after exercise as an indicator of endorphin activity. A postrun social investment game measured interpersonal cooperation. Analyses showed that there was a significant direct relationship between condition and cooperation but that this effect was not mediated by pain threshold.     

Acting for the Greater Good: Identification with Group Determines Choices in Sequential Contribution Dilemmas

In mixed‐motive interactions, defection is the rational and common response to the defection of others. In some cases, however, group members not only cooperate in the face of defection but also compensate for the shortfalls caused by others' defection. In one field and two lab studies, we examined when group members were willing to compensate for versus match defection using sequential dilemmas. We found that the level of identification with the broader group increased willingness to compensate for intragroup defection, even when it was personally costly. Compensating for a defecting partner's actions, however, is not an act of unconditional cooperation: It is accompanied by a lack of trust in the errant group member and a desire to be perceived as more ethical. Cooperation by others, on the other hand, is matched independent of whether the cooperator was an in‐group or out‐group member. We find similar patterns of compensation and matching when the personal cost involved contributing money or effort. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

理性-经验加工对不公正情绪和行为反应的影响:公正敏感性的调节作用

基于认知-经验理论,采用行为实验法和情境故事法,探讨了不同信息加工方式对不公正情绪和行为反应的影响,以及受害者敏感性对两者关系的调节作用。结果表明,与理性加工相比,经验加工下个体对不公正有更强烈的负性情绪反应,合作意向更低;受害者敏感性调节加工方式与不公正行为反应之间的关系,即受害者敏感性低时,加工方式与人际公正对合作意向交互作用显著,受害者敏感性高时,加工方式与人际公正对合作意向没有交互作用。     

利益冲突情境中社会行为的自动激活:合作还是利己?

合作与利己是利益冲突情境中个体的基本行为模式。在理性假设所主导的框架下,利己行为被看作是人类的本能反应。然而,近期的观点指出,人类的合作本质上是一种自动化的行为反应。无意识、认知能力、自我损耗以及神经科学等领域的理论和研究支持像合作这样复杂的社会行为可以自动地激活。未来研究除了需要继续揭示行为自动化的结果是利己还是利他之外,还需要确定社会合作自动化产生的机制与条件。