直言推理系统

本文构造了直言推理的一个系统MA,内容包括直接推理和三段论,但未考虑单称命题。此系统实际上是名辞逻辑系统MZ的子系统,精确地说是关于类名及其否定和由它们形成的本辞的系统。文中证明了系统MA的可靠性和完全性,并提出了它的自然推理系统。     

人权视野下的个人健康权与选择权

从人权的角度看,个人健康权也是一种个人选择权,因为健康本来就是属于个人的。个人健康选择权在属性上,属于一种消极性、否定性和自由性的权利。个人健康选择权主要包括健康生活方式、治疗方式、保健方式、健康状态（水平）、健康隐私以及医疗保障组织选择。农村新型合作医疗是带有合作组织的性质的一种组织,它的推行,应当充分尊重农民自愿参加的选择权,不宜按照某个计划目标推行。     

女性绝经进程与抑郁易感性

采用系统论观点对女性围绝经期的生物学改变进行分析,并在此基础上对该时期抑郁症易感性增加的原因进行探讨,指出绝经进程的系统性特征,对大脑皮层、下丘脑、垂体等中枢神经系统结构和卵巢等外周器官的功能改变和失调进行多层次、关联性、动态性分析,对围绝经期抑郁症病因的进一步研究具有重要意义。     

医患关系危机的法律思考

现行调整医患关系的法律制度存在位阶低、效力弱,调整范围窄、操作性差,执法不严、适用法律混乱,鉴定结论公正性低,医患双方守法意识淡薄等问题。构建和谐医患关系需要制定统一法典、扩大立法领域、重建医患纠纷解决机制、调整鉴定机构、建立医疗服务审计制度、加强司法审判与法制教育。     

若干新技术在糖尿病治疗中的应用

糖尿病是严重威胁人类健康的常见病,其治疗手段在不断进展和完善。近年来某些新科学技术在糖尿病治疗中发挥着重要作用,动态血糖监测和胰岛素泵的应用使糖尿病的治疗更加理想。     

毛泽东与农村人民公社所有制及基本核算单位的演变

农村人民公社的所有制及基本核算单位,经历了从人民公社的"一大二公"和大集体所有制,到以生产(大)队为基本核算单位,再到生产小队的部分所有制,最后到以生产小队(又称生产队)为基本核算单位的演变历程.总的趋势是一次比一次更朝着符合生产力发展水平、调动农民群众积极性因而更代表群众利益的方向前进.毛泽东在这个历史演进过程中发挥了主要作用.既要承认毛泽东在大跃进和人民公社化运动中犯了严重的指导思想上的左倾错误,也要看到毛泽东为纠正实际工作中的左倾错误而作出的艰辛努力和重要贡献.力求更客观、全面地评价建国后的毛泽东.     

临床思维的逻辑性

卫生法制建设是社会主义法治建设的必然要求,也是卫生与经济、社会协调发展的迫切需要;卫生法制建设需要确立科学的认识观和发展观,需要构架现代化发展战略目标。只有这样,才能务实地推进国家与地方区域的卫生法制现代化进程。     

Lessons learned from pedestrian-driver communication and yielding patterns

Understanding the hidden patterns of tacit communication between drivers and pedestrians is crucial for improving pedestrian safety. However, this type of communication is a result of the psychological processes of both pedestrians and drivers, which are very difficult to understand thoroughly. This study utilizes a naturalistic field study dataset and explores the hidden patterns from successful and failed communication events using a pattern recognition method known as Taxicab Correspondence Analysis (TCA). The successful communication scenarios indicate the combinations of variable attributes such as eye contact, facial expression, the assertion of crossing, and effective traffic control devices are strongly associated with successful scenarios. The patterns for failed scenarios are most likely to be on the roadway with a relatively higher speed limit (e.g., 35 mph) and a relatively lower speed limit (e.g., 15 mph) under different conditions. On roadways with a higher speed limit, the failed scenarios are highly associated with passive and undecisive pedestrians, pedestrians far away from the crosswalk, regardless of pedestrian-driver eye contact and facial expression of the pedestrians. Instead of waiting for pedestrians to making a crossing decision, overspeeding drivers are more likely to speed up and pass the crosswalk. On roadways with a lower speed limit, the failed scenarios are often associated with distracted pedestrians, vehicles having the right of way, and the absence of effective traffic control devices. These findings could help transportation agencies identify appropriate countermeasures to reduce pedestrian crashes. The findings on driver-pedestrian communication patterns could provide scopes for improvement in computer vision-based algorithms designed for autonomous vehicle industries.     

High‐Stakes Decision‐Making Within Complex Social Environments: A Computational Model of Belief Systems in the Arab Spring

People experiencing similar conditions may make different decisions, and their belief systems provide insight about these differences. An example of high‐stakes decision‐making within a complex social context is the Arab Spring, in which large numbers of people decided to protest and even larger numbers decided to stay at home. This study uses qualitative analyses of interview narratives and social media addressing individual decisions to develop a computational model tracing the cognitive decision‐making process. The model builds on work by Abelson and Carroll (1965), Schank and Abelson (1977), and Axelrod (1976) to systematically trace the inferences connecting beliefs to decisions. The findings show that protest decisions were often based on positive emotions such as pride, hope, courage, and solidarity, triggered by beliefs about successful protest and self‐sacrifice. By contrast, decisions to stay at home were triggered by beliefs about safety, state approval, and living conditions. As one participant said, “When I heard about the revolution in Tunisia, my heart was filled with solidarity for the people.” In the words of a non‐participant: “When people are killed, we must be careful. There are more important things than protest: safety and stability.” This study of individual explanations about events identifies the role of emotions in high‐stakes decision‐making within complex social environments.