建立符合中医特色的科研体系

比较了中西医产生的社会背景,论述了中医理论的体系具有整体性、重功能、动态性的特点,因而中医科研不能完全套用还原论的方法,必须建立符合中医特色的科研体系,同时还提出中医科研体系具有多维化、信息化、系统化的特点。     

精神分裂症谱系中的快感缺乏

快感缺乏, 指体验愉快能力的降低, 它在精神分裂症病因学中发挥着很重要的作用, 其存在增加了罹患精神分裂症谱系疾病的风险。然而, 精神分裂症中做情绪体验的快感缺乏研究由于方法学的问题常不能得到一致的结果。从奖励系统入手, 最新的研究证据支持精神分裂症期待性愉快损伤, 而消费性愉快相对完好。在分裂型人格中似乎也存在类似的损伤模式。该文从精神分裂症谱系的角度, 探讨了从奖励系统考察快感缺乏的可能。     

矩阵完成问题的项目生成研究

依据Embretson提出的认知设计系统方法,设计并编制了矩阵完成问题的项目生成系统,实际生成了矩阵完成问题测验。探讨矩阵测验与瑞文测验的关系,以及认知模型对矩阵问题的难度和区分度的预测能力。结果表明所设计的认知模型对矩阵项目的性能参数有一定的预测能力,生成的矩阵测验与瑞文测验有基本相同的心理测量属性。可以使用该系统生成的矩阵项目来测量被试的抽象推理能力。     

Speech-associated gestures, Broca’s area, and the human mirror system

Speech-associated gestures are hand and arm movements that not only convey semantic information to listeners but are themselves actions. Broca’s area has been assumed to play an important role both in semantic retrieval or selection (as part of a language comprehension system) and in action recognition (as part of a “mirror” or “observation–execution matching” system). We asked whether the role that Broca’s area plays in processing speech-associated gestures is consistent with the semantic retrieval/selection account (predicting relatively weak interactions between Broca’s area and other cortical areas because the meaningful information that speech-associated gestures convey reduces semantic ambiguity and thus reduces the need for semantic retrieval/selection) or the action recognition account (predicting strong interactions between Broca’s area and other cortical areas because speech-associated gestures are goal-direct actions that are “mirrored”). We compared the functional connectivity of Broca’s area with other cortical areas when participants listened to stories while watching meaningful speech-associated gestures, speech-irrelevant self-grooming hand movements, or no hand movements. A network analysis of neuroimaging data showed that interactions involving Broca’s area and other cortical areas were weakest when spoken language was accompanied by meaningful speech-associated gestures, and strongest when spoken language was accompanied by self-grooming hand movements or by no hand movements at all. Results are discussed with respect to the role that the human mirror system plays in processing speech-associated movements.     

A test of the quasi-circumplex structure of human values

Schwartz’s value system (SVS) has been widely used in different disciplines (e.g., psychology, management, and marketing). Although the value structure seems to be validated when data are analyzed through multidimensional scaling, we show that the quasi-circumplex structure of human values is not supported when confirmatory analysis approaches (e.g., CIRCUM and constrained confirmatory factor analysis) are used. Based on two samples of French and Swiss respondents, confirmatory tests of SVS provide little support for its quasi-circumplex structure, mainly due to problems of construct and discriminant validity resulting from multicollinearity between value types.     

不同心理刺激诱发的交感和副交感神经活动的比较

让24名女大学生被试完成划消测验、镜画测验、心算和准备演讲四种应激任务,目的在于探讨在不同心理刺激下交感和副交感神经系统的活动是否存在差异。记录HRV（Heart Rate Variability,心率变异性）的频域成分TP（Total Power,总功率）、HF（High Frequency,高频）、LF（Low Frequency,低频）、LF/HF（低频高频比）、平均R-R间期和血压等指标在基线和不同应激任务期间的变化。通过单因素重复测量方差分析和多重比较发现,准备演讲期间的TP、LF值显著地高于基线和其它三项任务, HF的值显著地高于划消测验和心算;镜画测验、划消测验和心算期间的LF值与基线比较显著下降,TP、LF和HF三项指标在这三项任务之间无显著差异;不同任务期间在LF/HF上无显著主效应。平均R-R间期基线水平与所有任务间的比较及各任务之间有显著差异。收缩压基线水平与划消、镜画任务间的比较有显著差异。结果表明,准备演讲期间的交感神经和副交感神经张力显著地大于其它任务,不同任务表现出的不同的自主神经张力变化说明交感神经与副交感神经活动不是一方活动增强、另一方活动减弱的单纯的活动方式,这一结果为Berntson提出的自主神经活动可能存在九种活动搭配模式的理论提供了实验证据     

Play enhances visual form perception in infancy–an active training study

Motor experiences and active exploration during early childhood may affect individual differences in a wide range of perceptual and cognitive abilities. In the current study, we suggest that active exploration of objects facilitates the ability to process object forms and magnitudes, which in turn impacts the development of numerosity perception. We tested our hypothesis by conducting a preregistered active exploration intervention with 59 8‐month‐old infants. The minimal intervention consisted of actively playing with and exploring blocks once a day for 8 weeks. In order to control for possible training effects on attention, we used book reading as a control condition. Pre‐ and post‐test assessments using eye‐tracking showed that block play improved visual form perception, where infants became better at detecting a deviant shape. Furthermore, using three control tasks, we showed that the intervention specifically improved infants' ability to process visual forms and the effect could not be explained by a domain general improvement in attention or visual perception. We found that the intervention did not improve numerosity perception and suggest that because of the sequential nature of our hypothesis, a longer time frame might be needed to see improvements in this ability. Our findings indicate that if infants are given more opportunities for play and exploration, it will have positive effects on their visual form perception, which in turn could help their understanding of geometrical concepts.     

Comparing perception of signals in different modalities during the cycling task: A field study

Cyclists are considered to be amongst the most vulnerable road users and the number of cyclists involved in crashes is increasing. One possibility to improve bicycle safety is the implementation of assistance systems, for instance by providing the information needed to avoid critical situations. However, it is not known how and what kind of signals can reliably be transmitted to cyclists, in particular as warnings. This study has the objective to investigate which signal type dependent of the modality and the route type can be perceived during the cycling task. Therefore, we conducted a semi-naturalistic cycling study with 56 participants where a 10 km long, pre-defined route was individually cycled while 36 signals (visual, auditory and vibro-tactile) were transmitted. The participants signalled the perception of a signal by pressing a button. Response rates differed significantly between signal modalities. While auditory signals performed best closely followed by vibro-tactile signals, visual signals were frequently missed. The route type had an effect on the perception of the signals. The influence of the route segments with haptic interference was not expected to be this large on the perception of vibro-tactile signals. The obtained results indicate how and in which situations the different modalities are suited to transmit information to cyclists.     

身体活动的双系统理论:一种强化学习的视角

以理性决策为基础的锻炼行为理论被认为是理解身体活动的主导体系, 它提供了与身体活动相关的认知构念作为有价值的信息。基于社会生态模型设计的行为干预措施, 因表现出了更好的效果而备受关注。近期研究表明, 积极的运动认知和当前体育环境都没能很好地促进个人锻炼习惯的养成, 因此有必要探索新的理论体系来阐明个人锻炼习惯的形成机制。解释身体活动的最新体系是双系统理论, 由于其考虑了身体活动的无意识和快乐决定因素, 有望提供一个更广泛的动机视角。一方面, 多个有代表性的身体活动双系统模型, 从简单的自发路径, 到情境线索与锻炼习惯, 再到突出自动情感评价作用的复杂概念模型, 阐明了系统1的构建, 结合锻炼行为理论所关注的系统2, 为模型的构建提供了依据。另一方面, 通过对双系统的竞争、协调和层级控制原则的分析, 为模型的控制提供了建议。经典的强化学习框架解释了双系统模型的构建与控制原则:在模型的构建方面, 无模型与基于模型的强化学习分别表示系统1和系统2。在模型的控制方面, Dyna协作架构与分层强化学习, 为身体活动可能是一种相互协作、分层执行的复杂行动组合提供了合理解释。最后提出强化学习视角下锻炼者-体育环境的互动模式, 试图从一个全新的角度探讨锻炼行为。     

双系统模型视角下的罪犯自我控制

自我控制是个体为了达成具有长远利益的目标而有意识控制自身冲动行为的能力。双系统模型提出自我控制系统包含冲动系统与控制系统, 该理论适用于分析罪犯低自我控制的内部结构。罪犯冲动系统中充满极易激活的犯罪相关行为图式, 而控制系统却不足以生成抑制冲动行为的策略。未来可基于双系统模型, 整合已有研究深入考察罪犯自我控制系统的内部运作机制, 以及该模型在罪犯心理矫治中的实际应用, 而犯罪易感青少年群体则需要特别关注。