项目反应理论框架下的新等值方法——对数对比等值法

项目反应理论有一些以除法形式给出的多级评分模型,若采用Haebara等值法、Stocking_Lord等值法或对称相对熵等值法进行测验等值,都因其对初值有较高要求而可能导致失败。针对这一类模型,我们给出了一种新的等值方法——对数对比等值法。这种方法收敛快,对迭代初值要求低,所得结果精度较高,可以为其他等值方法提供良好的初值。研究表明,对数对比等值法还改进和推广了0-1评分的两参数Logistic模型的Logit变换等值法     

信任及其对公共财物两难博弈中合作行为影响

社会两难的行为动机研究认为,害怕和贪婪是人们选择不合作的原因。信任的心理学研究为社会两难的合作行为提供了另一种观点,即害怕被利用的背后实际上体现了博弈者对对方的信任的缺失。鉴于传统社会两难范式存在难以区分信任和合作两个因素的问题,本研究设计了“信任一合作”二阶段模拟实验,通过操作重复信托博弈中的信息反馈,研究虚拟多人信托博弈中初始信任和基于经验的信任对随后的公共财物两难博弈中合作行为的影响,结果发现：（1）初始信任对基于经验的信任的建立具有一定的积极影响,但是它对合作行为的作用远不如随后的基于经验的信任;（2）基于经验的信任水平高的被试在随后的公共财物两难博弈中也表现出较高的合作行为。     

IS PHYSICS FUNDAMENTAL? ROBERT RUSSELL ON DIVINE ACTION

Robert Russell's theological work has been a helpful stimulus to the task of understanding the meaning of divine action and providence in the age of science. He relates God's direct action "fundamentally" to the hidden domain of quantum events, and his theology of nature deserves careful attention. It is questionable, however, whether the term fundamental as applied to quantum events by physical science may be taken over by theology without more careful qualification than Russell offers.     

In Defense of the Jurisdiction Theory of Rights

This essay critically examines three theories of moral rights, theBenefit, the Interest, and the Choice theories. The Interest andChoice theories attempt to explain how rights can be more robustthan seems possible on the Benefit theory. In particular, moralrights are supposed to be resistant to trade-offs to supportprincipled anti-paternalism, to constitute a distinct dimensionof morality, and to provide right holders with a range ofdiscretionary choice. I argue that these and other featuresare better yet provided by a fourth theory of moral rights, theJurisdiction theory.     

11—14个月儿童的语言获得——成人的言语教授和儿童的模仿学习

对儿童言语记录个案的分析表明:儿童在11—14个月期间开始获得词。此时儿童所获得的词,主要是与儿童日常生活或动作相联系的名词和动词,其次是象声词。这些词语87.5％来源于成人的言语教授和儿童相应的模仿学习。 成人的言语教授和儿童相应的模仿学习总是由成人结合情景进行的,具有很高的选择性。儿童对成人言语的学习并不是简单地模仿,而是有一定的主动性和创造性,这在一定程度上规定着成人言语教授的作用。由此可见,儿童言语的获得是在人类特有的大脑以及言语器官发育的基础上,在与人们交际过程中,经过成人的言语教授,并经儿童有选择的模仿学习和概括而成的。     

Sola Gratia as Divine Attribute: Resurrecting the God of the Gospel

Can we speak of sola gratia as a divine attribute so as to affirm that all that God does is grace? Traditionally, Western Christian theology has answered that question negatively, placing God's justice in opposition with God's grace and presenting a God whose love does not seem to be unconditional. This has been especially evident in the ways in which Scripture, the work of Christ, justification by faith, and the distinction between law and gospel commonly have been interpreted. By rethinking those traditional interpretations on the basis of an understanding of divine grace as unconditional love, we can indeed proclaim a God of sola gratia and a gospel capable of transforming human lives and responding effectively to the crisis of faith we face today.