Projective identification fifty years on: A personal view

Since its introduction by Melanie Klein in 1946 the concept of projective identification has inspired, baffled, rankled, but always mesmerized its adherents and opponents alike. I offer in this paper a brief outline of the concept's development over the past fifty years by way of some thoughts on a personal journey of discovery surrounding its meaning and clinical usefulness to my work as a child therapist. I would like to suggest that definitions in current use seem to be derived more from adult work than from work with children, which has sometimes skewed the debate surrounding the concept in a particular direction. In both its conceptual guises, namely, as an unconscious 'phantasy' and as an interpersonal feature of the transference, projective identification is a logical extension of certain aspects of Klein's work with small children. In child work too the developmental status of the concept comes more into focus.     

Inverse reference in subtraction performance: An analysis from arithmetic word problems

Studies of elementary calculation have shown that adults solve basic subtraction problems faster with problems presented in addition format (e.g., 6?+?_?=?13) than in standard subtraction format (e.g., 13 – 6?=?_). Therefore, it is considered that adults solve subtraction problems by reference to the inverse operation (e.g., for 13 – 6?=?7, “I know that 13 is 6?+?7”) because presenting the subtraction problem in addition format does not require the mental rearrangement of the problem elements into the addition format. In two experiments, we examine whether adults' use of addition to solve subtractions is modulated by the arrangement of minuend and subtrahend, regardless of format. To this end, we used arithmetic word problems since single-digit problems in subtraction format would not allow the subtrahend to appear before the minuend. In Experiment 1, subtractions were presented by arranging minuend and subtrahend according to previous research. In Experiment 2, operands were reversed. The overall results showed that participants benefited from word problems where the subtrahend appears before the minuend, including subtractions in standard subtraction format. These findings add to a growing body of literature that emphasizes the role of inverse reference in adults' performance on subtractions.     

从帛书《易传》考察“文言”的实义

根据对帛书《易传》的考察,“文”的实义,是指外柔内刚的德性,而表现为谦德。这种意义的德性,称为“文德”,是就政治人格而言的德性。故“文言”是“‘文’之言”的意思,义为“有关为政者（或从政者）德性的言说”。     

以象解筮的探索——论尚秉和先生对《左传》《国语》筮例的阐解

《左传》《国语》中的筮例,是对《易》学研究极具价值的材料,历代学者对此进行过许多研究考辨、阐释解说。近代《易》学大师尚秉和先生既以《左传》《国语》筮例作为创立“尚氏学”的最重要的佐证材料之一,又将“以象解《易》”的方法用以阐解《左传》《国语》的筮例,颇具特色。本文考察了尚先生以象解筮的具体内容,辨析了“尚氏说”的自洽性,并就“尚氏说”中“观象”与“用象”、“易理”与“义理”等问题进行追问与思考。     

谈京房解《易》的一段佚文

《汉书·五行志》引用了一段京房《易传》佚文 ,清王保训所辑《京氏易》也收录了这段文字 ,但分列两处 ,且结尾处比《汉书》多 53字。本文认为这段文字原本应在一处 ,且王氏所辑末 53字出自班固 ,而非京氏。此外 ,这段文字很可能不像《汉书》及《京氏易》所说的出自《易传》。     

易学的推类逻辑

易学中的逻辑问题,是一个在易学和逻辑学研究中被忽视的问题,但又是一个关系到对中国文化史、思想史和逻辑史的再认识的重要问题。易学中的逻辑是推类逻辑,本文给出了理由,同时以现代逻辑的方法给出了易学推类逻辑的形式系统,并作了讨论。指出易学逻辑是在中国文化背景下的以汉字表述的特有逻辑形式,建立了中国古代的普遍语言,形成了自我满足的语义系统,其在为人们提供正确的认识方法和为古代科学提供认识工具方面与西方逻辑是一致的。     

Is Nature Enough? Yes

Abstract. Religious naturalism encompasses thinkers from Baruch Spinoza, George Santayana, John Dewey, Henry Nelson Wieman, and Ralph Burhoe to recent writers. I offer a generic definition of religious naturalism and then outline my own version, the “minimalist vision of transcendence.” Many standard issues in the science‐and‐religion dialogue are seen to fade in significance for religious naturalism. I make suggestions for our understanding of science, including the importance of transcognitive abilities, the need for a revised notion of rationality as an alternative to extreme versions of postmodernism, the value of rational dissensus, and the education of appreciation. Finally, I suggest ways to interpret the religious traditions of the world by religious naturalism.     

《四库提要》易类订疑

《四库提要》是研究中国传统学问的门径之书,张之洞誉之为“良师”。但其中也偶有疏误,本文 根据目验的旧刻旧抄本,纠正了易类提要的15条错误。     

孔子晚年心志蠡测--并为《莫春篇》作一新解

孔子晚年的心志如何,的确多费猜疑。作者发现其中最主要的关键在于如何对当今留下的史料作恰当的选取与解读而已。本文以《论语》为基准,通过《易传》与《春秋》来了解孔子晚年的思想。对《论语》里自古以来号称难解的《莫春篇》作出新的了解,显豁孔子晚年密契天道的意境,指出这正是孔子志存拨乱,推阐易道,作《春秋》运诸三世之苦心。后世实在不宜再忽视或过度怀疑《孟子·滕文公下》、《史记·孔子世家》及新近出土帛书《易传·要篇》等史料具有呈显孔子晚年思想实况的价值性.     

《姤卦》意辨--兼谈卦意研究的态度和方法

有关《姤卦》意的解释,历来众说纷纭。通过研究周王朝初期社会习俗,特别是婚姻制度的制定和施行,结合文献,分析象意,考据卦辞,认为本卦的主题旨在宣扬周礼婚姻制度的必要性、时代性、进步性,同时也表现了这一婚姻制度的局限性,悲剧性。并对当前《易经》研究的一些不足现象,从注重历史、卦身分析、占辞研究等方面提出看法和建议。