黄翼与中国儿童心理辅导的开拓

训育是民国时期学校工作职能的一个方面。但在工作中,学生扰乱行为是训育关注的内容,训话、惩罚是训育常用的方法。实际上是心理卫生问题往往被作为道德品行问题来处理。黄翼关于儿童训导的研究,是一项以现代心理辅导改革传统训育的开拓性研究。黄翼不仅在理论上总结了现代心理辅导的基本精神,而且创办了旨在增进幼儿心理健康的培育院（1935~1937）,在实践上开创了中国儿童心理辅导。黄翼的开拓性研究,为如何学习西方心理学、建立发展中国心理科学,提供了经验和启示     

德法次序:一种现代政治伦理学叙事

道德和法律的关系,是体现现代性本质的一个核心问题。“德法次序”概念,可以将日常德治和法治关系的探讨,纳入到具有普遍性的政治哲学框架中来,实现一种现代政治哲学叙事。     

A stochastic theory of matching processes

A theory of matching processes is developed within which serial models and parallel models based on within-stage independent intercompletion times are defined. These models are then specialized to a class of processes possessing exponential intercompletion time densities and equivalence properties of parallel and serial models within this class are investigated. Nonequivalence theorems are proved that designate possible differences in “same” (+) and different (?) matching rates as important in testing parallel and serial models. An experimental paradigm is then derived with the property that if + rates are different from — rates, and if processing is self-terminating, then the parallel and serial models are distinguishable at the level of mean reaction times. The serial class of models that is tested by this paradigm includes a large number of stochastic distributions whose central assumption is additivity of element processing times. The corresponding parallel class of models is currently limited to those assuming exponential intercompletion times. A numerical example and an example of non-parametric relations predicted by the serial or parallel models are given. Some advantages and limitations of the present treatment are discussed.     

Inferences by exclusion in the great apes: the effect of age and species

This study investigated the ability of chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, and bonobos to make inferences by exclusion using the procedure pioneered by Premack and Premack (Cognition 50:347–362, 1994) with chimpanzees. Thirty apes were presented with two different food items (banana vs. grape) on a platform and covered with identical containers. One of the items was removed from the container and placed between the two containers so that subjects could see it. After discarding this item, subjects could select between the two containers. In Experiment 1, apes preferentially selected the container that held the item that the experimenter had not discarded, especially if subjects saw the experimenter remove the item from the container (but without seeing the container empty). Experiment 3 in which the food was removed from one of the containers behind a barrier confirmed these results. In contrast, subjects performed at chance levels when a stimulus (colored plastic chip: Exp. 1; food item: Exp. 2 and Exp. 3) designated the item that had been removed. These results indicated that apes made inferences, not just learned to use a discriminative cue to avoid the empty container. Apes perceived and treated the item discarded by the experimenter as if it were the very one that had been hidden under the container. Results suggested a positive relationship between age and inferential ability independent of memory ability but no species differences.This contribution is part of the special issue “Animal Logics” (Watanabe and Huber 2006).     

《易纬·稽览图》"一爻直一日"卦气术考

<易纬·稽览图>卷下载有一种"一爻直一日"的卦气占术,还少见学者讨论.本文对这一占术作了梳理,并对其特点、流传作了初步考察.与<稽览图>卷下"六日七分"卦气术不同,<稽览图>"一爻直一日"的卦气术,与焦赣"焦林直日"卦气说有密切的关系,二者可能同属于<连山><归藏>系统.此术至唐一直在流传.     

"理"能否活动? --李退溪对朱子理气论的诠释

李退溪是朝鲜性理学之巨擘,其学以朱子学为宗。他曾撰文严厉批评王阳明。在李退溪与奇高峰关于“四端七情”的辩论中,双方均援引朱子的文献作为论据,且自认为忠于朱子的观点。然究其实,李退溪对孟子“四端”说的诠释预设了一套与朱子性理学系统不同的义理架构,虽然合乎孟子的文本,但却脱离了朱子的基本立场。这其中最关键的问题是：“理”能否活动?在朱子的性理学中,理是气之所以然,只存有而不活动。本文根据相关文献证明：李退溪在诠释朱子的理气论时有意无意地赋予理一种活动性,而逸出了朱子性理学的架构。