内源性眼跳与注意转移关系研究述评

视觉选择过程中既存在外显的眼跳行为,也包含内隐的注意转移,两者对于视觉目标的加工都有促进作用。近二十年来出现大量关于二者关系的研究,多数研究者发现眼跳和注意转移存在密切联系。内源性眼跳是个体根据目标或意愿主动发起的眼跳,对人类生存具有重大意义。本文系统回顾了视觉加工领域中对于内源性眼跳与空间注意转移关系问题的探讨及其研究成果,分别从行为研究和神经心理学研究两个方面阐述了该领域的研究进展并作出简要评价及展望。     

视觉搜索中非对称性的实验研究

为了解视觉搜索中的非对称性现象以及封闭性这一拓扑特征在前注意加工中的作用,验证Treisman提出的特征整合理论,本实验对Treisma封闭圆开口圆靶子视觉搜索实验进行了改编,对视觉非对称性搜索的加工特征进行了验证研究。结果发现:对封闭圆的搜索时间显著大于开口圆的搜索时间,体现了视觉搜索的非对称性;开口圆的搜索不受开口大小的影响,开口大小对封闭圆视觉搜索时间的影响不明显;无论搜索开口圆还是封闭圆,画面大小都对其反应时有显著的影响,本研究结果证实了前注意加工阶段的存在及靶子和干扰项和互动关系。     

Causality orientations moderate the undermining effect of rewards on intrinsic motivation

The present study tested the hypothesis that individual differences in autonomy or control causality orientation would moderate the undermining effect of rewards on intrinsic motivation. Equal numbers of autonomy- and control-orientated participants provided solutions to an interesting puzzle under reward or no reward conditions. Participants were then required to provide further solutions to the puzzle in a free-choice period. The time spent in solving the puzzle during the free-choice period constituted the dependent measure of intrinsic motivation. Results revealed a significant interaction effect of causality orientations and reward condition on intrinsic motivation. Control-oriented participants assigned to the reward condition exhibited significantly lower levels of intrinsic motivation compared to those assigned to the no reward condition. In contrast, there was no significant difference in intrinsic motivation levels across the reward conditions for autonomy-oriented individuals. Findings indicate that an autonomy-oriented causality orientation offered a degree of ‘protection’ from the undermining effect of rewards on intrinsic motivation. This is in keeping with self-determination theory in terms of the interactive effects of environmental events and interpersonal factors on intrinsic motivation.     

Changes in auditory frequency guide visual-spatial attention

How do the characteristics of sounds influence the allocation of visual–spatial attention? Natural sounds typically change in frequency. Here we demonstrate that the direction of frequency change guides visual–spatial attention more strongly than the average or ending frequency, and provide evidence suggesting that this cross-modal effect may be mediated by perceptual experience. We used a Go/No-Go color-matching task to avoid response compatibility confounds. Participants performed the task either with their heads upright or tilted by 90°, misaligning the head-centered and environmental axes. The first of two colored circles was presented at fixation and the second was presented in one of four surrounding positions in a cardinal or diagonal direction. Either an ascending or descending auditory-frequency sweep was presented coincident with the first circle. Participants were instructed to respond to the color match between the two circles and to ignore the uninformative sounds. Ascending frequency sweeps facilitated performance (response time and/or sensitivity) when the second circle was presented at the cardinal top position and descending sweeps facilitated performance when the second circle was presented at the cardinal bottom position; there were no effects of the average or ending frequency. The sweeps had no effects when circles were presented at diagonal locations, and head tilt entirely eliminated the effect. Thus, visual–spatial cueing by pitch change is narrowly tuned to vertical directions and dominates any effect of average or ending frequency. Because this cross-modal cueing is dependent on the alignment of head-centered and environmental axes, it may develop through associative learning during waking upright experience.     

Decreased load on general motor preparation and visual-working memory while preparing familiar as compared to unfamiliar movement sequences

Learning movement sequences is thought to develop from an initial controlled attentive phase to a more automatic inattentive phase. Furthermore, execution of sequences becomes faster with practice, which may result from changes at a general motor processing level rather than at an effector specific motor processing level. In the current study, we examined whether these changes are already present during preparation. Fixed series of six keypresses, either familiar or unfamiliar, had to be prepared and executed/withheld after a go/nogo signal. Reaction time results confirmed that familiar sequences were executed faster than unfamiliar sequences. Results derived from the electroencephalogram showed a decreased demand on general motor preparation and visual-working memory before familiar sequences as compared to unfamiliar sequences. We propose that with familiar sequences the presetting segments of responses is less demanding than with unfamiliar sequences, as familiar sequences can be regarded as less complex than unfamiliar sequences. Finally, the decreasing demand on visual-working memory before familiar sequences suggests that sequence learning indeed develops from an attentive to an automatic phase.     

认知方式、视错觉及其关系的跨文化研究

运用测验法研究了藏、回、汉族小学三年级、五年级、初二、高二共1032名儿童认知方式的特点,考察了不同认知方式与视错觉之间的关系。结果表明:1)认知方式的民族、居住环境和年龄差异显著,藏族儿童、居住在草原上的儿童、低年级儿童倾向于场依存性,汉族和回族儿童、生活在城市和山村的儿童、高年级儿童倾向于场独立性;2)视错觉的文化差异显著,居住环境和年龄是影响视错觉的重要变量;3)认知方式对视错觉有影响,场独立性者错觉量小,场依存性者错觉量大。     

Alcohol and aggression: A replication study controlling for potential confounding variables

An experiment tested whether the Taylor reaction time paradigm generates a valid measure of aggression when used in alcohol research and when identified confounding influences are controlled. The Alcohol group drank 1.2 ml of 100% alcohel/kg body weight and was compared with a Control group drinking the equivalent amount of tonic. Subjects were tested in an exact replica of Taylor's paradigm. Results indicated that intoxicated subjects were more aggressive both when provoked and when not provoked, which was interpreted as supportive of the validity of this procedure. Discussion was concentrated on the role of dose level and number of and form of available alternatives to behave in the test situation.