视觉选择过程中眼跳与注意关系的理论进展

视觉选择的过程包含两种途径:眼跳行动和注意转移,两者对于视觉选择目标物的加工都有促进作用。鉴于此,视觉研究领域产生大量关于二者关联如何的实验研究,大部分研究者认为眼跳和注意转移存在密切联系。该文将关于两者关系的重要理论进行了综合阐述和简要比较,主要介绍五种理论假说:眼动准备假说、动前假说、顺序注意模型、视觉注意模型和竞争整合模型。     

影响驾驶安全的驾驶员注意模式研究述评

驾驶员的视觉注意模式对于汽车安全驾驶具有非常重要的意义。本文主要从驾驶员的路面视觉扫描模式和整体视觉场景的注意模式两个方面对国内外有关研究进行了概览。主要包括: (1)视觉扫描模式对驾驶安全的影响研究; (2)驾驶员视觉注意分配模型研究; (3)以及针对驾驶员视觉扫描模式的培训研究。并提出进一步研究有待于深入探讨影响驾驶员视觉注意模式的影响因素以及开展适合我国汽车驾驶特点的本土化研究。     

成人去激活依恋策略和注意偏向：来自表情图片外源性提示点探测任务的证据

采用表情图片作为外源性提示的点探测任务,通过109名大学生探讨依恋倾向性和注意之间的关系。研究发现：依恋回避维度和三种面部表情的提示有效性指标呈现显著负相关;依恋回避高分组出现了提示有效性效应的消失和逆转;依恋焦虑维度和提示有效性、注意卷入和注意分离没有相关。结果表明：回避性依恋者对任何信息都存在回避性注意偏向;回避性注意偏向的强度随信息依恋效价的增强而增强;回避性注意偏向的出现为去激活策略的存在提供了跨文化证据。     

颜色凸显条件下基于工作记忆内容的视觉注意

采用记忆任务与视觉搜索任务相结合的实验范式,通过操纵背景颜色与刺激颜色,考察了工作记忆内容对视觉注意的引导是否存在强自动性。实验一通过操作背景颜色以突显记忆项目,结果发现即使工作记忆内容在匹配分心物的情况下仍然自动地捕获视觉注意。实验二通过操作背景颜色以突显目标项目,结果发现工作记忆内容对视觉注意的自动引导作用消失。说明了与工作记忆内容匹配的刺激能够自动地引导视觉注意,但是这种引导并非完全自动化,具有一定的条件性。     

重复刺激的末位优势效应

探讨在RSVP任务中重复刺激的呈现位置和报告方式对重复知盲效应的影响, 检验该研究提出的注意资源最优化假设和末位优势效应。实验1操作了刺激性质和重复刺激位置, 得出了刺激性质和重复刺激位置的交互效应; 实验2操作了刺激性质和情景信息, 结果是交互效应不显著; 实验3操作了刺激性质和报告方式, 出现了刺激性质和报告方式的交互效应。该结果表明: (1)由于注意资源分配的优化, 重复刺激有末位优势效应。(2)重复知盲的产生不是发生在知觉阶段, 而是发生在报告阶段。(3)注意资源分配最优化理论比建构/归因理论能更合理地解释重复知盲的发生。     

意识与注意的关系-注意对意识产生的充分性与必要性探析*

意识与注意的关系是目前研究的热点之一,但一直存在争论。本文系统梳理了意识与注意之间关系的观点演变,从早期认为意识依赖于注意,到近期认为意识与注意完全分离,还从神经学研究角度探讨了意识与注意的关系,并就两者关系提出了新的看法。     

视觉工作记忆中特征绑定关系的记忆机制

弱客体理论认为, 视觉工作记忆系统是由众多特征存储的子系统组成, 不同纬度的特征独立存储在相应的有限容量的子系统中, 相互之间不会竞争记忆资源。而对于特征之间绑定关系的记忆存在不同的观点。一种观点认为绑定关系的记忆需要注意维持, 因此绑定关系的记忆会占用到特征记忆的资源; 另一种观点认为绑定关系的记忆是自动发生的, 不需要注意的维持。本实验的目的是探究特征绑定关系的记忆是否是自动发生的。在实验中, 我们设计了两种任务, 一种任务是只记忆颜色, 另一种任务是记忆颜色跟位置及其之间的绑定关系, 并测试分析视觉工作记忆相关的ERP成分CDA。结果发现两种任务条件下的CDA波幅之间没有显著差异, 说明视觉工作记忆中的特征绑定是自动发生的。     

孤独症儿童共同注意的神经基础及早期干预

共同注意是指两个人共同对某一事物加以注意, 分享对该事物的兴趣, 它是儿童社会认知发展的奠基性能力。首先, 孤独症儿童共同注意发展主要体现在注视转换、主动展示、分享等能力发展滞后及缺陷; 孤独症儿童共同注意的神经基础：应答性共同注意主要涉及后部皮层注意网络(如颞上沟后部、顶内沟等), 自发性共同注意涉及前部皮层注意网络(如前扣带皮层、背内侧额叶等); 最后, 以回合式教法和关键反应训练为基本方法, 论述了共同注意干预的新近模式和效果评估。未来研究应在孤独症儿童的共同注意发展的年龄特征及机制、共同注意的脑区可塑性及脑网络的发展以及开发更有效的干预方法等方面展开大量研究。     

Stepping up the pressure: arousal can be associated with a reduction in male aggression

The attentional myopia model of behavioral control [Mann and Ward, 2007] was tested in an experiment investigating the relationship between physiological arousal and aggression. Drawing on previous work linking arousal and narrowed attentional focus, the model predicts that arousal will lead to behavior that is relatively disinhibited in situations in which promoting pressures to aggress are highly salient. In situations in which inhibitory pressures are more salient, the model predicts behavior that is relatively restrained. In the experiment, 81 male undergraduates delivered noise-blasts against a provoking confederate while experiencing either high or low levels of physiological arousal and, at the same time, being exposed to cues that served either to promote or inhibit aggression. In addition to supporting the predictions of the model, this experiment provided some of the first evidence for enhanced control of aggression under conditions of heightened physiological arousal. Implications for interventions designed to reduce aggression are discussed.     

The “dual usage problem” in the explanations of “joint attention” and children’s socioemotional development: A reconceptualization

The term “joint attention”, which first gained currency in the early 1960s in studies of the development of language and symbolic thought, remains significant in the developmental literature. However, its meaning is unclear. A definitional problem exists similar to what Patterson [Patterson, M. L. (1982). A sequential functional model of nonverbal exchange. Psychological Review, 89, 231–249] described as the “dual usage” problem in the study of behaviour. The dual usage problem manifests when the behaviours of interest are used interchangeably with the function served by those behaviours. Similarly, the behaviours or skills that are taken to show joint attention are used interchangeably with the functions served by these behaviours. Scant attention is given to how the behaviours are generated and regulated and how they contribute to development. The purpose of the present position paper was: (1) to identify and illustrate the ways in which the behaviours and functions of joint attention have been confounded in the literature; (2) to provide a revised operationalization of joint attention incorporating the idea of Consummative Joint Attention, which is defined as a process variable that integrates these two theoretically different and complementary aspects of “joint attention;” and (3) to test this revised definition with evidence from a sample of hearing mothers and their 18- to 36-month-old hearing or deaf toddlers. We suggest that a reconceptualization and revised definition of joint attention as a process served by a particular sequence of complementary and well-timed events in the behaviour of mother–child interaction are particularly well-suited to testing joint attention as an early prelingual mechanism and to detecting early problems with psychosocial and adaptive development created by ineffective patterns of social interaction.