任务难度和反馈学习对儿童类比推理能力的影响

该研究采用情景类比任务,通过两个实验对180名小学生进行纸笔测验,探讨了任务难度对儿童类比推理能力的影响.结果发现:进行反馈学习以降低任务难度时,7～8岁儿童能完成更高年龄段儿童才能完成的任务;但增加任务难度,11岁以上儿童也表现出类比推理能力的弱化.结果提示,儿童是否能在类比推理任务中表现出相应的能力可能取决于任务难度,反馈学习可促进一定年龄段内儿童的类比推理能力发展.本结果为有机融合皮亚杰和Goswami等人的观点提供了有效的实验依据.     

An examination of the response styles theory of depression in third- and seventh-grade children: a short-term longitudinal study

The goal of this study was to test the response styles theory of depression in a sample of 3rd- and 7th-grade children. In addition, we examined whether the relationship between rumination and increases in depressive symptoms is mediated by hopelessness and low self-esteem. The procedure involved an initial assessment in which depressive symptoms, response styles, hopelessness, and self-esteem were assessed. The procedure also involved a follow-up assessment, 6 weeks later, in which depressive symptoms, hopelessness, and self-esteem were reassessed. Children with a ruminative response style exhibited increases in depressive symptoms over the 6-week period. In addition, the relationship between rumination and increases in depressive symptoms was mediated by both hopelessness and low self-esteem. Last, contrary to our hypotheses, neither distraction nor problem-solving response styles predicted decreases in depressive symptoms over the course of the study.     

Drivers’ attitudes toward imperfect distraction mitigation strategies

Studies were conducted to assess driver acceptance of and trust in distraction mitigation strategies. Previous studies have shown that in-vehicle tasks undermine driver safety, and that there is a need for strategies to reduce the effects of in-vehicle distractions. Trust and acceptance of such strategies strongly influence their effectiveness. Different strategies intended to reduce distraction were categorized in a taxonomy. Focus groups were conducted to help refine this taxonomy and explore driver acceptance issues related to these strategies. A driving simulator experiment was then conducted using two of the strategies: an advising strategy that warns drivers of potential dangers and a locking strategy that prevents the driver from continuing a distracting task. These strategies were presented to 16 middle-aged and 12 older drivers in two modes (auditory, visual) with two levels of adaptation (true, false). Older drivers accepted and trusted the strategies more than middle-aged drivers. Regardless of age, all drivers preferred strategies that provided alerts in a visual mode rather than an auditory mode. When the system falsely adapted to the road situation, trust in the strategies declined. The findings show that display modality has a strong effect on driver acceptance and trust, and that older drivers are more trusting and accepting of distraction mitigation technology even when it operates imperfectly.     

解读“反胜为败”的现象：一个“Choking”过程理论

运动员关键时刻以先赢后输的形式丢掉冠军的现象越来越多地发生在现代竞技体育比赛中。心理学上称之为压力下的“Choking”,并定义为压力条件下一种习惯的运动执行过程发生衰变的现象。对于“Choking”的研究开始于八十年代初中期,迄今为止,主要有干扰假说和自动执行假说解释其发生机制。但由于现有的假说过于简单,理论的研究一直不能为实践防治“Choking”提供可行的措施。本文基于笔者多年来的研究积累,就这一空缺,提出并讨论了一个“Choking”过程理论。该理论把“Choking”作为一个过程来讨论,包括引起因素、认知过程、应付过程和运动过程。根据过程理论,本文讨论了“Choking”发生机制。在此基础上,提供了防止“Choking”发生的具体可行性措施。     

认知分心的强度对创伤性信息加工的影响

结合ERP技术、创伤电影范式和改进的工作记忆范式探讨了认知分心的强度对创伤性信息加工的影响。结果发现, (1)高负荷上的N2波幅显著大于低负荷上的。(2)在低工作记忆负荷上, 创伤负性图引发的LPP波幅显著大于创伤中性图和无关中性图; 而在高工作记忆负荷上, 三类图片引发的LPP波之间差异不再显著。(3)在创伤负性图上高、低负荷工作记忆任务诱发的LPP波差异显著, 且高负荷条件下的LPP波幅显著小于低负荷条件。结果表明, 相比低认知控制, 早期高认知控制对创伤性信息的调节更有效, 支持了认知控制理论。