论管仲学派生态伦理思想的层次结构

管仲学派把天、地、人看作是一个以"道"为根据和调节机制的有机系统,认为天地人遵循着共同的基本生存法则,由此阐述了以"人与天调"、"天人相因"为基础的生态存在论。《管子》一书以"道为物要"的价值观为总依据,把自然现象道德化,根据人类道德与自然万物的内在依存关系,提出"德润万物"的生态伦理命题;揭示了自然现象的属性与人的能力品质的一致性,主张入世行为要遵循以"人与天调"、"德润万物"、"时之处事"为中心的伦理原则,并提出了取用有度的生态伦理规范,即合理利用,开发有度;依时禁放,顺天应人;宽猛并济,令行禁止;多管齐下,综合治理。管仲学派的生态伦理思想与其政治思想是紧密结合的,直接服务于治国安邦、发展经济和满足民众需求,它开创了中国生态伦理思想史的先河。     

西方儿童个性结构研究进展

近年来,在儿童个性结构研究领域,基于成人研究基础上建立起来的大五因素受到一定的挑战,此外该研究领域在研究方法方面也取得了一些进展。该文从新近西方儿童的个性结构理论研究、儿童个性结构研究采用的同伴提名法、以及个性结构问卷的跨文化应用等几方面来探讨西方儿童个性结构研究领域的进展,并提出未来研究的设想。     

The Substantive Impact of Computers on Philosophy Prolegomena to a Computational and Information-Theoretic Metaphysics

I survey in this article the practical uses of computers in philosophy: except for logic, computers have not yet noticeably improved the quality of philosophizing, research, or pedagogy. They have made work easier. My main interest, however, is in the "substantive" impact that computers may have on philosophical problems, especially in metaphysics. I argue that logic, the notion of decidability, and the theory of computation all predated and did not require modern digital computers. In the philosophy of mind, there has been a persistent conflation of computationalism and physicalism. The two theses can and should be separated. Finally, I suggest that we see glimpses of a new metaphysics based on information and information transformations that goes far beyond the well-trodden mind-brain debates.     

论春秋邦交的时代特点

春秋邦交的特点,学者多有论及,但均不完善。本文从春秋邦交的主体一一各诸侯国的国家形态人手,对春秋时期各诸侯国在邦交中的地位和独立主权意识进行了探索,认为春秋列国在国家形态方面正处于一个由残缺向完整转变的过渡时期。因此,春秋邦交势必受其影响而具有自己独有的时代特点。     

The structures of the WISC-R subtests: a comparison of the IQ-profiles of reading impaired and autistic subjects

The present paper is an analysis of the WISC-R test profiles of reading impaired subjects and autistic subjects. It is argued that well-known classification systems such as Bannatyne's categories (1974) and Kaufman's factors (1975) cannot explain differences in the peaks and troughs across the two populations. A new classification system is then developed. The 11 different WISC-R subtests are characterised in terms of a combination of three modes of cognitive functioning: a knowledge mode (declarative-procedural), a processing mode (transformation-preservation of information), and a verbal-nonverbal mode (verbal-nonverbal-processing). When reanalysed within this reference frame, the IQ profiles of reading impaired subjects (N = 114) and autistic subjects (data from 12 studies reviewed by Happé, 1994) were similar regarding differences in the verbal-nonverbal dimension. However, the IQ profiles showed an opposite pattern in the declarative-procedural dimension, and an opposite pattern in the preservation-transformation dimension. Thus, the new classification system allows one to interpret the IQ-profiles of both groups within a single and coherent reference frame.     

Values Voters: The Conditional Effect of Income on the Relationship Between Core Values and Political Attitudes and Behavior

The postmaterialism thesis contends that newer cultural and social justice issues will supplant traditional, class‐based economic concerns as societies become increasingly wealthy. Although macrolevel evidence broadly supports this prediction, individual‐level evidence for the theory in the United States has been sparse. Moreover, alternative theories predict that postmaterialism will not travel well to the American context because religious cleavages that divide the major parties will be most salient. We test the postmaterialism thesis at the individual level using unique data that enable us to evaluate citizens' value‐preference structures across income levels, as well as the conditional effect of income on the relationship between individuals' ranked value preferences and political attitudes and behavior. Consistent with the theory, greater income strengthens the association between egalitarianism and ideology, partisanship, evaluations of President Obama, and presidential vote choice, and weakens the relationship between moral traditionalism and these same variables. However, income does not moderate the association between economic security and individuals' identities, evaluations, or behavior. Additionally, value‐preference hierarchies are quite similar across income groups after controlling for partisanship and ideology. The results lend insight into the nature of value‐ and income‐based cleavages in American politics.     

Quantum Logic as a Fragment of Independence-Friendly Logic

The working assumption of this paper is that noncommuting variables are irreducibly interdependent. The logic of such dependence relations is the author's independence-friendly (IF) logic, extended by adding to it sentence-initial contradictory negation ¬ over and above the dual (strong) negation . Then in a Hilbert space turns out to express orthocomplementation. This can be extended to any logical space, which makes it possible to define the dimension of a logical space. The received Birkhoff and von Neumann quantum logic can be interpreted by taking their disjunction to be ¬(A & B). Their logic can thus be mapped into a Boolean structure to which an additional operator has been added.     

The Logic of Pragmatic Truth

The mathematical concept of pragmatic truth, first introduced in Mikenberg, da Costa and Chuaqui (1986), has received in the last few years several applications in logic and the philosophy of science. In this paper, we study the logic of pragmatic truth, and show that there are important connections between this logic, modal logic and, in particular, Jaskowski's discussive logic. In order to do so, two systems are put forward so that the notions of pragmatic validity and pragmatic truth can be accommodated. One of the main results of this paper is that the logic of pragmatic truth is paraconsistent. The philosophical import of this result, which justifies the application of pragmatic truth to inconsistent settings, is also discussed.     

An incomplete data approach to the analysis of covariance structures

In this paper, linear structural equation models with latent variables are considered. It is shown how many common models arise from incomplete observation of a relatively simple system. Subclasses of models with conditional independence interpretations are also discussed. Using an incomplete data point of view, the relationships between the incomplete and complete data likelihoods, assuming normality, are highlighted. For computing maximum likelihood estimates, the EM algorithm and alternatives are surveyed. For the alternative algorithms, simplified expressions for computing function values and derivatives are given. Likelihood ratio tests based on complete and incomplete data are related, and an example on using their relationship to improve the fit of a model is given.This research forms part of the author's doctoral thesis and was supported by a Commonwealth Postgraduate Research Award. The author also wishes to acknowledge the support of CSIRO during the preparation of this paper and the referees' comments which led to substantial improvements.