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951.
Narrow Window theory, suggested by Y. Kareev ten years ago, has so far focused on one central implication of the limited capacity of working memory on intuitive correlation estimation, namely, overestimation of the distal population correlation. This paper points to additional and perhaps more dramatic implications due to the large dispersion of intuitive estimates: (a) large estimation errors, possibly causing overestimation of negligible rhos, misses of strong rhos, and distorted hierarchies of the rhos between different pairs of variables; and (b) large interpersonal differences in the estimation of any given rho and highly incongruent hierarchies of estimated correlations between different pairs of variables. These implications impede both individuals' adaptation to the empirical world and communication among themselves. 相似文献
952.
Despite the role afforded interoceptive fear conditioning in etiologic accounts of panic disorder, there are no good experimental demonstrations of such learning in humans. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the interoceptive conditioning account using 20% carbon dioxide (CO(2))-enriched air as an interoceptive conditioned stimulus (CS) (i.e., physiologically inert 5-s exposures) and unconditioned stimulus (US) (i.e., physiologically prepotent 15-s exposures). Healthy participants (N=42) were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: a CS-only, contingent CS-US pairings, or unpaired/non-contingent CS and US presentations. Electrodermal and self-report (e.g., distress, fear) served as indices of conditioned emotional responding. Results showed greater magnitude electrodermal and evaluative fear conditioning in the paired relative to the CS-only condition. The explicitly unpaired condition showed even greater electrodermal and evaluative responding during acquisition, and marked resistance to extinction. The latter results are consistent with the possibility that the unpaired procedure constituted a partial reinforcement procedure in which CO(2) onset was paired with more extended CO(2) exposure on 50% of the trials. Overall, the findings are consistent with contemporary learning theory accounts of panic. 相似文献
953.
器官的功能和储备与中医阴阳关系探讨 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
中医是中华民族的瑰宝,但理论体系中的概念和命题很模糊。比较中西医在哲学抽象上的差异,采用哲学中物质无限性和有限性命题,以独特视角结合临床研究结果,阐述了阴阳在医学中的含义,将功能和储备这一对概念定义为阴阳,并指出功能和储备是生命中不可缺少的支点。 相似文献
954.
证候存在的逻辑回答 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
黄开泰 《医学与哲学(人文社会医学版)》2007,28(3):74-75
认为存在的就是客观的,包含了自然客观、思维客观和理性客观;把疾病现象和疾病本质划等号,在症状层面规范证候标准,抛弃中医辨证思维,就等于否定中医。物质不能等于客观,不能取代存在。证候属于理性客观,发生于中医学,是中医“阴阳神气”观念临床实在化(还原)的必然。 相似文献
955.
956.
Utilization of cancer genetic risk assessment can be profoundly influenced by an individuals’ knowledge of risk assessment,
attitudes regarding illness and healthcare, and affective reactions derived from social norms. Race and ethnicity play a powerful
role in the development of an individual's attitudes and should be considered when attempting to understand a person's openness
to cancer genetic risk assessment (Lannin et al., 1998). Until recently, however, cancer screening and prevention programs have been primarily based on data from studies
conducted with the Caucasian population, yielding data that are not fully applicable to the African American community. In
the last several years, research findings regarding African American's knowledge, attitudes, and feelings about genetic counseling
and testing have grown (Matthews et al., 2000; Singer et al., 2004; Thompson et al., 2003). However, to the authors’ knowledge, these data have yet to be presented in a manner that both summarizes the barriers
that African Americans have reported regarding cancer genetic risk assessment, while at the same time suggesting methods individual
genetic counselors can utilize during community presentations to help address these barriers. This article will first summarize
previous empirical findings regarding African Americans’ knowledge, attitudes, and feelings about cancer genetic risk assessment.
The article will then apply adult learning theory to those findings to provide genetic counselors with practical, theory based
techniques to apply toward community based educational programs with African American groups. 相似文献
957.
While most people may initially agree that justice is fairness,as an evangelical Protestant I argue that, for many religiouscomprehensive doctrines, the Rawlsean model does not possessthe resources necessary to sustain tolerance in moral decisionmaking. The weakness of Rawls's model centers on the reasonablepriority of convictions that arise from private comprehensivedoctrines. To attain a free and pluralistic society, peopleneed resources sufficient to provide reasons to tolerate actionsthat are otherwise intolerable. In addition to arguing for thedeficiency of the Rawlsean political model, I sketch out a preliminarymodel of ambassadorship that offers religious communities, andin particular Protestant evangelicals, the necessary resourcesto engage the broader society tolerantly while maintaining theirreligious convictions. As a citizen of the church and a memberof another kingdom, Christians serve as ambassadors to thosewho are not of the heavenly kingdom. I take this model to bemore ambitious than that of a sojourner who lives in the landbut is isolated as much as possible from society, while moremodest than that of reconstructionists who seek to implementtheir own sacred law on all others. 相似文献
958.
自主-受控动机效应及应用 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
自我决定论是一种新的动机认知理论,它将动机区分为自主动机和受控动机。由受控动机到自主动机是一个连续体。在这个连续体上依据自主程度的高低分布着5种不同类型的动机。大量的研究表明不同类型动机之间存在不同的效应。而在实际应用中,要实现由受控动机向自主动机的转化,自主支持的环境是被证实的一个重要的因素。未来研究除了在研究方法上加以改进之外,在促进动机内化的具体应用研究方面还要进行更深入的探讨。而国内本土化研究则刚刚起步,有待于加强 相似文献
959.
Meike Watzlawik 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2009,43(3):214-220
Unexpected empirical findings lead Schwarz (2009) to question current methodological approaches within psychology. He claims that distribution anomalies, which cannot be
explained by independent variables, actually prove an error in classical test theory, which then leads him to criticize current
scientific conventionalism. In this commentary, it is shown that the current university system not only uses, but often reproduces conventionalism.
It is, of course, necessary to teach certain techniques and tools to future psychologists, but using these critically seem
to be essential in preventing scientific approaches turn into ideologies that are or must not be questioned—even if this is sometimes less threatening to one’s identity as a scientist/psychologist. This is true
for all sciences, but understanding the bio-psycho-social interdependencies of human nature (ambiguities), as Schwarz describes it, seems to be a particular challenge that is in many
ways different from other disciplines. Instead of striving to be like them, it is suggested we establish an ambiguity-accepting
and critical environment in psychology in which theories and approaches are not considered final but temporary to foster change
and progress.
Meike Watzlawik is a research scholar at Clark University in Worcester, MA, and leader of the Brunswick Sibling Project (based at the Technical University of Braunschweig, Germany). Her main research interests are identity development in adolescence and family relations. She is also still working in the field of sexual identity development, the research area in which she earned her Ph.D. In the past years, she has focused on sibling relationships, especially those of twins, as part of her postdoctoral lecturer qualification (Habilitation). 相似文献
Meike WatzlawikEmail: |
Meike Watzlawik is a research scholar at Clark University in Worcester, MA, and leader of the Brunswick Sibling Project (based at the Technical University of Braunschweig, Germany). Her main research interests are identity development in adolescence and family relations. She is also still working in the field of sexual identity development, the research area in which she earned her Ph.D. In the past years, she has focused on sibling relationships, especially those of twins, as part of her postdoctoral lecturer qualification (Habilitation). 相似文献
960.
Michael Schwarz 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2009,43(3):185-213
It is believed a proven fact that variables in social and personality psychology match to normal distribution with its single peak. Multiple peaks are explained by independent variables. However, after a comprehensive data analysis
of more than 8.000 patients and on the basis of a bio-psycho-social model with 27 scales, we arrived at the conclusion that
normal distribution and the psychometric error theory cannot withstand critical analysis in large samples. Beyond the “truth”
that is proved by distribution-dependent statistical inferences, there exists another “truth” that is denied by the empirical
doctrine. This “truth” is influenced by compensatory belief systems and explains paradoxes in quality of life research. We
hypothesize that items, referred to life risks are micro-stressors, triggering self-regulatory processes as a humanly inherent
response, deeply anchored in human evolution. Especially when exposed to threatening experiences, self-focused attention generates
amplified multimodal distributions and subverts the methodological premises by an ambivalence-bias between thrill and threat,
hopes and fears, pleasure and pain, success and failure, etc. In this article we want to focus attention to the incommensurability
between test theoretical axioms and the way people usually respond to self-focused items. We discuss basic distribution patterns
and approach to an evolutionary theory of fluctuation of validity.
Michael Schwarz (53) is a clinical psychologist and psychotherapist with experiences in different areas of medical rehabilitation, organizational psychology, and quality management. Since 1992 he is employee in a gastroenterological rehabilitation clinic of Deutsche Rentenversicherung Bund (German Federal Pension Fund). His cumulated practical experience is more than 20.000 hours of psychological and psychotherapeutic sessions. In his doctoral dissertation he investigated methodological issues resulting from the bio-psycho-social diagnostics of subjective health. 相似文献
Michael SchwarzEmail: |
Michael Schwarz (53) is a clinical psychologist and psychotherapist with experiences in different areas of medical rehabilitation, organizational psychology, and quality management. Since 1992 he is employee in a gastroenterological rehabilitation clinic of Deutsche Rentenversicherung Bund (German Federal Pension Fund). His cumulated practical experience is more than 20.000 hours of psychological and psychotherapeutic sessions. In his doctoral dissertation he investigated methodological issues resulting from the bio-psycho-social diagnostics of subjective health. 相似文献