The coherence of cohesion in the later Leibniz

This paper expounds and critically assesses G. W. Leibniz’s mature theory of the cohesion of material bodies. Leibniz’s later view of cohesion was forged in polemical engagement with the views of John Locke and the Dutch natural philosopher Nicolaas Hartsoeker and it is in Leibniz’s response to Locke in his New Essays on Human Understanding, and especially his correspondence with Hartsoeker, that the theory is revealed. After setting out Locke’s theory of solidity and cohesion, the paper examines Leibniz’s response to Locke in the New Essays. It then proceeds to the mechanical theory of conspiring motions developed in the Hartsoeker correspondence. The final section of the paper poses three problems for Leibniz’s theory – explanatory, empirical, and conceptual.     

传统时空观下“左阳右阴”在中医学的化用

“左阳右阴”理论作为一种思想文化,其形成和发展不可避免地受到经济、政治、科技、思想运动、地理环境等社会与自然多方面因素的影响。鉴于传统时空观对中医学生命观存在指导意义,以时空观为出发点,窥探“左阳右阴”思想形成的自然缘由。这一思想化用于中医领域,演变为中医学认识人体、辨治疾病的重要理论,在脏腑、气血、病证等方面均有体现。关于“左血右气”与“左阳右阴”的矛盾现象,认为原因在于阐述的角度差异,两种理论具体应用时彼此支持,这是中医学立足于整体,论述气血阴阳浑为一体的具体体现。     

Movement adjustments in preparation for single-leg jumps in individuals with functional ankle instability

There is some evidence showing that people with functional ankle instability (FAI) can present changes in postural control during the landing phase of a jump. These studies also show preliminary results indicating possible changes during phases prior to landing. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate whether movement adjustments prior to a jump are different between people with and without FAI. Sixty participants with (n = 30) and without (n = 30) FAI participated in this study. The main outcome measures were the variability of range of motion in ankle inversion/eversion and dorsiflexion/plantarflexion; and variability of center of pressure for the directions anterior-posterior and medio-lateral during the pre-jump period for drop jump, vertical jump and during single-leg stance. The group with instability showed more variability of center of pressure in anterior-posterior direction (p = 0.04) and variability of range of motion in ankle dorsiflexion/plantar flexion (p = 0.04) compared to control in the single-leg stance test. For the within-group comparisons, the group with instability showed more variability of center of pressure in anterior-posterior direction in the drop jump higher than single-leg stance and vertical jump. The same pattern was seen for the control group. Thus, this study suggests that people with FAI have greater ankle range of motion variability and center of pressure variability in the anterior-posterior axis when compared to healthy individuals during single-leg stance. For those same two variables, preparation for a drop jump causes more postural instability when compared to the preparation for a vertical jump and to single-leg stance.     

Dynamic facial expressions are processed holistically,but not more holistically than static facial expressions

There is evidence that facial expressions are perceived holistically and featurally. The composite task is a direct measure of holistic processing (although the absence of a composite effect implies the use of other types of processing). Most composite task studies have used static images, despite the fact that movement is an important aspect of facial expressions and there is some evidence that movement may facilitate recognition. We created static and dynamic composites, in which emotions were reliably identified from each half of the face. The magnitude of the composite effect was similar for static and dynamic expressions identified from the top half (anger, sadness and surprise) but was reduced in dynamic as compared to static expressions identified from the bottom half (fear, disgust and joy). Thus, any advantage in recognising dynamic over static expressions is not likely to stem from enhanced holistic processing, rather motion may emphasise or disambiguate diagnostic featural information.     

Temperature dependence of the stacking fault energy of glide set-dissociated dislocations in Si

Recently, it was found that the dissociation distance of glide set dislocations introduced in Si just below the melting temperature by laser shock peening (LSP) is unusually wide (Iwata et al. J. Jpn Inst. Met. Materi.,79(2015),308–314). In order to distinguish whether or not this is to be attributed to uncorrelated motions of leading and trailing Shockley partials or the intrinsic temperature dependence of the stacking fault energy (SFE), dislocations introduced by LSP were annealed at 1350 °C, which should be high enough for the uncorrelated partials to assume the equilibrium correlated configuration. It was found that this unusual widening of a dissociated dislocation introduced by LSP is attributed to uncorrelated motions of Shockley partials. Following this conclusion, the temperature dependence of the intrinsic SFE of Si was determined on correlated dissociated dislocations up to near the melting temperature. The intrinsic SFE of Si shows only negligibly small temperature dependence from 400 °C up to near the melting temperature.     

In-situ X-ray diffraction during tensile deformation of ultrafine-grained copper using synchrotron radiation

At the synchrotron facility, Super Photon Ring – 8 GeV, in-situ X-ray diffraction during tensile deformation was conducted on ultrafine-grained Cu with a grain size of about 300 nm fabricated by equal-channel angular pressing. The diffraction profile was observed with the time resolution of about 1 s using multiple MYTHEN detectors, and the diffraction angle and the full-width at half-maximum of some Bragg peaks were determined using the pseudo-Voigt function. From the analysis of Bragg peaks, it was found out that there are microscopically three regions; elastic, plastic and transition regions. The 0.2% proof stress obtained from the stress–strain curve locates within the microscopic transition region. Microstrain was evaluated using the Williamson–Hall method and the dislocation density was also obtained from the microstrain. The dislocation density starts increasing before 0.2% proof stress, which is associated with dislocation bow-out and emission from grain boundaries. The Taylor relationship seems to be still satisfied after 0.2% proof stress.     

Springs,Nitre, and Conatus. The Role of the Heart in Hobbes's Physiology and Animal Locomotion

This paper focuses on an understudied aspect of Hobbes's natural philosophy: his approach to the domain of life. I concentrate on the role assigned by Hobbes to the heart, which occupies a central role in both his account of human physiology (which he names ‘vital motion’) and of the origin of animal locomotion (‘animal or voluntary motion’). With this, I have three goals in mind. First, I aim to offer a cross-section of Hobbes's effort to provide a mechanistic picture of human life. Second, I aim to contextualize Hobbes's views in the seventeenth-century debates on human physiology and animal locomotion. In particular, I will compare Hobbes's views with the theories put forth by Harvey, Descartes, the Galenic, and Peripatetic traditions. Also, I will show that Hobbes was receptive to advances within contemporary English physiology and chemistry. Third, by means of a comparison with Descartes, I advance some hypothesis to explain why Hobbes indentified the heart, and not the brain (as was increasingly common in his day), as the organ originating animal locomotion. In this regard, I trace out some possible implications of Hobbes's views on human physiology and locomotion for his psychology and political philosophy.     

Implied motion produces real depth

Static images taken from an animation of continuous motion, such as a photograph of a figure in a running pose, contain no real motion (RM) information. Interestingly, while imaging studies have shown that passively viewing these implied motion (IM) stimuli activate the same brain regions as RM, the perceptual effects of adding IM to RM are not fully understood. Given that IM appears to recruit the same neural mechanisms as RM, it should be possible to capitalize on this functional overlap and use IM in addition to, or in place of, RM to influence the perception of depth from motion parallax (MP). In the current study, we found that IM influenced depth-sign judgments as expected based on the geometry of MP with RM. These results bolster our understanding of the neural mechanisms of both IM and MP by demonstrating that IM coupled with pursuit eye movements generates unambiguous depth from MP.     

Developmental patterns of emotion regulation in toddlerhood: Examining predictors of change and long‐term resilience

Emotion regulation is critical for optimal functioning across a wide range of domains and may be even more important for individuals in high‐risk environments. While evidence suggests that childhood is generally a period of emotion regulation growth and development, research is needed to examine factors that may contribute to deviations from a typical trajectory. In a prospective study of 1,905 children, latent class growth analysis (LCGA) was used to identify trajectory groups of emotion regulation across toddlerhood (age 14–36 months), examine predictors of those trajectory groups from child temperament, parenting behaviors, and environmental risk, and explore predictions of resilience in 5th grade from the identified groups. LGCA supported a three‐class model, with a Stable Incline group, a Decline group, and a Catch‐Up group. Child negative emotionality, positive and negative parenting, and environmental risk predicted group membership. These trajectory groups in toddlerhood were predictive of child resilient functioning in the 5th grade. Our findings highlight the importance of utilizing developmental models of emotion regulation and provide implications for prevention and early intervention services to enhance emotion regulation development in early childhood.