浅议侵害患者知情同意权的性质及赔偿

知情同意是患者自主权的重要体现,侵害患者知情同意权是引发医惠纠纷的常见原因。知情同意权是患者身体权、隐私权、财产权和支配权的集中体现,对患者知情同意权的侵害直接表现为对患者身体权、隐私权或财产权的侵害,医疗机构应该承担相应的精神损害赔偿、财产损害赔偿的责任。     

惯用语理解的多种心理机制：不同的证据

惯用语的理解机制一直是心理语言学研究的热点问题。来自语言学和神经生理学的证据都表明,对惯用语的加工存在多样化趋势,而且加工策略和手段会随个体卷入社会生活的程度而变化。惯用语的加工受加工者自身的隐喻知识以及惯用语本身性质的影响。另外,惯用语加工激活的脑区表明句法和语义分析在惯用语理解中均发挥重要作用,惯用语并没有词汇化,但是不能使用统一的加工模型来整合惯用语的理解机制。惯用语自身性质的多样化导致惯用语理解的多种心理机制。     

时间复制任务中的计时中断效应

以计时中断范式和时间复制任务相结合,考察了时间复制任务中是否存在计时中断效应。结果表明：（1）计时中断范式中1700ms和2300ms时距复制均出现高估现象,说明两种时距均低于相邻的高低估现象的转换点;（2）计时中断范式中1700ms和2300ms的时距复制任务没有支持计时标量特性;（3）计时中断范式中1700ms和2300ms的时间复制任务出现了计时中断效应。     

中医药的专利权保护

中医药为中华民族和世界人民的健康做出了重要贡献,但是由于我国对中医药知识产权保护的落后,我国中医药的珍贵知识财富正为外国大公司无偿地攫取。根据中医药自身的特性,对专利保护的适用、调整、改进及补充作了大胆设想,为我国进一步完善中医药的专利法保护提出了建议。     

Numerosity discrimination in preschool children

We used a numerical bisection procedure to examine preschool children's sensitivity to the numerical attributes of stimuli. In Experiment 1 children performed two tasks. In the Cups Task they earned coins for choosing a green cup after two drumbeats and a blue cup after eight drumbeats. In the Gloves Task they earned coins for raising a red glove on their left hand after two drumbeats and a yellow glove on their right hand after eight drumbeats. Then in each task a psychometric function was obtained by presenting intermediate numerosities and recording the percentage of trials in which children chose the "many" option. In Experiment 2 children's performance in a '2 vs. 8' discrimination was compared with their performance in a "4 vs. 16" discrimination. Results showed that the individual psychometric functions were of two types, one in which the percentage of "many" choices increased gradually with stimulus numerosity and another in which it increased abruptly, in a step-like manner. Although the average point of subjective equality was close to the geometric mean of the anchor numerosities and the average functions for "2 vs. 8" and "4 vs. 16" superimposed when plotted on a common scale (the scalar property), the individual data were highly variable both across tasks (Cups and Gloves) and numerosity ranges ('2 vs. 8' and '4 vs. 16'). It is suggested that between- and within-subjects variability in the psychometric function is related to children's verbalizations about the sample stimulus.     

决策中的框架效应再探

框架效应是指对相同决策任务不同方式的描述会影响决策者对备择选项的认知．大量研究已证实了框架效应的存在。本研究采用经典的“海难”问题,进一步探讨了决策任务中的框架效应。结果发现,在生命问题和财产问题中均没有发现框架效应的存在。在面对生命问题时,总体上人们倾向于冒险;在面对财产问题时,总体上倾向于保守。另外在面对生命问题时,女生比男生更倾向于冒险。     

主题关系在4~5岁儿童不同属性归纳推理发展中的作用

为探讨主题关系在儿童归纳推理中的作用,采用经典的三角归纳范式,设计了主题关系和知觉相似冲突、主题关系和分类学关系冲突两种情形,来考察4~5岁儿童在内在属性和情境性属性任务中的归纳推理。结果显示：当主题关系和知觉相似冲突时,从4.5岁开始儿童主要基于主题关系对情境性属性进行归纳推理,而对于内在属性的推论,4~5岁儿童在基于主题关系和基于知觉相似上没有显著差异。当主题关系和分类学关系冲突时,从4.5岁开始儿童主要基于主题关系对情境性属性进行归纳推理,从5岁开始儿童主要基于分类学关系对内在属性进行归纳推理。两个实验结果均发现5岁和5.5岁儿童能够依据不同的属性使用不同的关系推理,表现出归纳灵活性     

公立医院产权制度改革理论与模式分析

建立与市场经济体制相适应的医疗机构管理体制,要进一步认识医院产权制度改革的必要性、目的和意义,客观地分析评价产权制度改革的各种模式,认真思考和妥善处理医院产权制度改革中面临的问题,逐步推进公立医院产权制度的改革.     

Aggression: Appetite or aversion?—An ethologist's viewpoint

The term “aggression” has been used to describe practically all situations in which an organism threatens, damages, or kills another-with the exception of certain predator-prey relationships. As a result, a great deal of confusion and controversy has arisen as to the causal factors and functions of aggression. The main ethological hypotheses concerning the nature of aggression are put forward. In order to illustrate the divergence in causal factors and functions, differences in motivational, physiological, and ecological bases of aggression in two closely related fish species are described. A basic division of aggression into “self-defensive” and “property-protective” behavior is suggested, together with the parameters separating these categories on behavioral, causal, and functional bases. Mechanisms which enable motivational changes from one category to another to take place during a single encounter are discussed, these being pain stimuli and physical or psychological “cornering.” The importance of learning effects on fighting behavior are emphasized, especially their negative and positive reinforcing effects in relation to self and property defense. The biological significance of aggressive conditioning for the animal and the role of aggression in species maintenance are discussed.     

Priestley Duality for Quasi-Stone Algebras

In this paper we describe the Priestley space of a quasi-Stone algebra and use it to show that the class of finite quasi-Stone algebras has the amalgamation property. We also describe the Priestley space of the free quasi-Stone algebra over a finite set. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.