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221.
A. Favell 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》1998,1(2):255-278
Will Kymlicka's Multicultural Citizenship represents an extraordinary attempt to put applied political philosophy to work in the empirical context of contemporary political debates about immigration and ethnic minorities in western society. This paper explores the methodological and interpretative difficulties of combining normative and empirical goals, in a critical discussion of the examples Kymlicka makes of multicultural issues in France, Britain and the US. It goes on to argue that these weaknesses lie in the Rawlsian influence in Kymlicka's work, and that political philosophers may have to rethink their methodological approach if they wish to pursue further the kind of applied work which Kymlicka is aiming for. 相似文献
222.
The purpose of this paper is to elaborate on the notion of clinical medicine as a hermeneutical enterprise and to bridge the gap between the general perspectives of hermeneutics and the particularities of medical practice. The case of a patient with low back pain is analyzed. The discussion centers around the metaphor of the patient as a text and a model of five social discourses about low back pain. The problems addressed are: (1) the nature of a moral experience, (2) the variety of available texts, (3) the difference between the doctor's and patient's narratives, and (4) the patient's and doctor's responsibility regarding the existential, biographical meaning of an illness. Although many problems are left unsolved, it is argued that from a philosophical point of view the notion of medicine as a hermeneutical enterprise opens up the possibility of gaining insight in the foundations of the clinical encounter. 相似文献
223.
Stephen E. Edgell J. Isaiah Harbison William P. Neace Irwin D. Nahinsky A. Scott Lajoie 《决策行为杂志》2004,17(3):213-229
Three experiments explored what is learned from experience in a probabilistic environment. The task was a simulated medical decision‐making task with each patient having one of two test results and one of two diseases. The test result was highly predictive of the disease for all participants. The base rate of the test result was varied between participants to produce different inverse conditional probabilities of the test result given the disease across conditions. Participants trained using feedback to predict a patient's disease from a test result showed the classic confusion of the inverse error, substituting the forward conditional probability for the inverse conditional probability when tested on it. Additional training on the base rate of the test result did little to improve performance. Training on the joint probabilities, however, produced good performance on either conditional probability. The pattern of results demonstrated that experience with the environment is not always sufficient for good performance. That natural sampling leads to good performance was not supported. Further, because participants not trained on joint probabilities did, however, know them but still committed the confusion of the inverse error, the hypothesis that having joint probabilities would facilitate performance was not supported. The pattern of results supported the conclusion that people learn all the necessary information from experience in a probabilistic environment, but depending upon what the experience was, it may interfere with their ability to recall to memory the appropriate sample set necessary for estimating or using the inverse conditional probability. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
224.
Paul Roazen 《Journal of religion and health》2001,40(1):71-88
Historians have disputed excessive speculative claims made on behalf of psychoanalytic interpretations. As psychoanalytic theory evolved, theorists sought to communicate the higher aspects of ego functioning which adapt our inner world to outer realities. Roazen's article discusses the question of what is a fact within the context of the history of analysis. He does this through the examples of Eva Rosenfeld's correspondences which explore the nature of historiography itself. 相似文献
225.
Cunguang Lin 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2007,2(4):533-546
Communicating with Confucius based on our own hermeneutical context, and reading the Analects as a text of philosophical hermeneutics, it can be concluded that as an epochal thinker, the contribution of Confucius’ thought
is that it initiated a humanistic moral ideal with cultural upbringing as its core. Based on this consciousness of humanistic
moral ideal, Confucius thought and dealt positively with the human existential plight and social political problems that he
faced during his own time, and his thought is more creative than conservative.
Translated by Mi Li from Guanzi Xuekan 맜子学刊 (Guanzi Jouranl), 2006, (1): 69–74 相似文献
226.
Bart Neyrinck Maarten Vansteenkiste Willy Lens Bart Duriez Dirk Hutsebaut 《Motivation and emotion》2006,30(4):321-332
The main goal of this study was to examine the relationship between different types of extrinsic motivation for religious
behaviors as conceptualised within self-determination theory (Ryan & Deci, 2000) and Wulff's (1991) framework of literal versus symbolic approaches of religious contents. Results from a Belgian sample
of active believers (N=186) show that the internalization of one's reasons for performing religious behaviors was positively associated with an
open, symbolic interpretation of religious belief contents and a stronger adherence to Christian beliefs. Moreover, internalization
was also positively related to general well-being and frequency of prayer but unrelated to church attendance. It is concluded
that individuals who engage in religious behaviors because of its perceived personal significance will show more cognitive
flexibility and open-mindedness towards Christian belief contents, a stronger adherence to this message, higher well-being
and more frequent engagement in specific religious behaviors.
相似文献
Maarten VansteenkisteEmail: |
227.
It is a feature of scientific inquiry that it proceeds alongside a multitude of non-scientific interests. This statement is
as true of the scientific inquiries of previous centuries, many of which brought scientists into conflict with institutionalised
religious thinking, as it is true of the scientific inquiries of today, which are conducted increasingly within commercial
and political contexts. However, while the fact of the coexistence of scientific and non-scientific interests has changed
little over time, what has changed with time is the effect of this coexistence on scientific inquiry itself. While scientists
may no longer construct their theories with various religious dictates in mind, growing commercial and political interests
in science have served to distort the interpretation of science. Using the U.K.’s recent crisis with bovine spongiform encephalopathy
(BSE) as my context, I examine two ways in which this distortion has occurred – the interpretation of the science of BSE by
politicians and by commercial parties for the purposes of justifying policy decisions and informing the public of risk, respectively.
Fallacious reasoning, I contend, is the manifestation of this distortion in these contexts. In demonstration of this claim,
I examine how politicians and commercial parties alike have employed two fallacies in their assessments of the science of
BSE. These fallacies extend in novel ways the set of so-called traditional informal fallacies. The interpretation of science,
I conclude, is a rich context in which to conduct a study of fallacious reasoning; moreover, such a study can contribute in
significant ways, I argue, to the public understanding of science. 相似文献
228.
In this paper, the author develops an instrument for the rational reconstruction of argumentation in which a judicial decision
is justified by referring to the consequences in relation to the purpose of the rule. The instrument is developed by integrating
insights from legal theory and legal philosophy about the function and use of arguments from consequences in relation to the
purpose of a rule into a pragma-dialectical framework. Then, by applying the instrument to the analysis of examples from legal
practice, it is demonstrated that the instrument can offer a heuristic and critical tool for the analysis and evaluation of
legal argumentation that can ‘bridge’ the gap between more abstract discussions of forms of legal argumentation on the one
hand, and legal arguments as they occur in actual legal practice on the other hand. 相似文献
229.
Javier Peña Makii Muthalib Agurne Sampedro Mafalda Cardoso-Botelho Oihana Zabala Naroa Ibarretxe-Bilbao Acebo García-Guerrero Leire Zubiaurre-Elorza Natalia Ojeda 《创造性行为杂志》2023,57(1):65-81
Creativity is a fundamental human accomplishment from scientific advances to composing music. The left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) are important metacontrol hubs in flexibility and persistence brain states, respectively. Those hubs are related to divergent thinking, insight problem-solving, and convergent thinking. In this double-blind, between-subjects study, 81 healthy participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups (n = 27) that received a combined transcranial direct current stimulation–transcranial random noise stimulation (tDCS-tRNS) protocol with the anode over the left DLPFC and cathode over the left IFG (+DLPFC−IFG), the opposite montage (−DLPFC+IFG), and a sham group (+DLPFC−IFG). Both active tDCS-tRNS groups received 20 min of 1 mA tDCS with 1 mA (100–500 Hz) tRNS. Creativity was assessed before (baseline) and during stimulation with the Unusual Uses, Picture Completion (PC), Remote Association test (RAT), Matchstick Arithmetic (MA), and Nine-dot (ND) problems. Only the +DLPFC−IFG group had significantly higher scores compared with sham in the RAT (p = .009), PC fluency (p = .018), PC originality (p = .007), ND (p = .007), and MA (p = .032). Overall, −DLPFC+IFG had greater scores in all creativity tests compared with sham. Implications from the metacontrol theory are discussed. 相似文献
230.
Five domestic hens were exposed to a delayed matching-to-sample task. Conditions 1, 5, and 8 were variable-delay conditions in which five delays (0.25, 1, 2, 4, and 8 s) from the red or green sample to the presentation of the red and green comparison stimuli were presented a number of times during each session. In the fixed-delay condition (Condition 3), each delay was presented for 15 sessions under a Latin square design across birds. When improvements in accuracy across the variable-delay conditions are taken into account, the data were similar under both the variable and fixed delays. In Conditions 2, 4, 6, and 7 sample-reinforcer intervals were held at 8, 8, 4, and 2 s, respectively, while sample-choice intervals were varied within these during each session. With increasing sample-reinforcer interval, both initial discriminability (i.e., with sample-choice delay = 0) and rate of decrement in discriminability decreased. Although the former would be predicted if accuracy depends of the average sample-reinforcer interval, the latter would not. These data show that increasing the sample-choice interval had less effect on matching accuracy than increasing the sample-reinforcer interval did. 相似文献