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61.
内部动机与外部动机的关系 总被引:27,自引:2,他引:25
内部动机与外部动机的关系问题在20世纪90年代重新成为动机研究的热点。该文综述了内部动机与外部动机关系的实验研究与理论研究状况。认为实验研究经历了外部动机削弱内部动机、外部动机与内部动机共存、外部动机能够对内部动机产生促进作用三个阶段,研究者的心理学立场是造成分歧结果出现的重要原因;不同的理论模式各有所长,尤其是自我决定理论的新进展“有机辨证元理论”中关于需要的阐述是近期动机研究的亮点,在更高层次上实现了对内部动机与外部动机关系的整合。并提出探讨内部动机与外部动机具体成分之间的关系,检验特质状态与情境状态中二者的相互作用,及心理需要对情境与动机的中介机制应当成为未来研究的方向 相似文献
62.
63.
Pigeons acquired discriminated key pecking between 528- and 540-nm stimuli by either a response-reinforcer (operant group) or a stimulus-reinforcer (autoshaped group) contingency, with other training-schedule parameters comparable over groups. For the birds in the operant group, key pecks intermittently produced grain in the presence of one hue on the key (positive stimulus) but not in the other (negative stimulus). For the birds in the autoshaped group, pecking emerged when grain was intermittently presented independently of key pecking during one key color but was not presented during the other key color. Two independent contingency assays, peck-location comparisons and elimination of differences in reinforcement rate, confirmed the effectiveness of the two training procedures in establishing operant or respondent control of key pecking. After reaching a 10:1, or better, discrimination ratio between key pecks during the two key colors, the birds received a wavelength generalization test. Criterion baseline key-peck rates were comparable for operant and autoshaped groups prior to testing. On the generalization test, performed in extinction, all birds pecked most at a stimulus removed from the positive training stimulus in the direction away from the negative stimulus. In testing, autoshaped "peak" rates (24.5 to 64.9 pecks per minute) were from 33% to 80% higher than rates in the presence of the training stimuli. Respondent peak shift rarely has been reported heretofore, and never this consistently and robustly. These results further confirm the similarity of perceptual processing in classical and operant learning. They are discussed in terms of Spence's gradient-interaction theory and Weiss' (1978) two-process model of stimulus control. 相似文献
64.
Michael Basseches 《Journal of Adult Development》1997,4(1):17-33
Part I (in this issue)—A Dialectical-Constructivist View of Human Development, Psychotherapy, and the Dynamics of Meaning-Making
Conflict Within Therapeutic Relationships— reviews a dialectical-constructivist model of human development and articulates,
in the language of that model, how psychotherapy, in general, works. It describes and illustrates three generic processes,
which contribute to the frequent successes of an extremely diverse range of psychotherapy theories and practices. This view
of psychotherapy focuses on both the client's meaning-making processes and the therapist's meaning-making processes and how
they contribute together to effective psychotherapy. Part I also offers a way of understanding what is going on when therapeutic
progress is blocked by conflict between the client's and the therapist's meaning-making processes. Part II—Dialectical Thinking
and Psychotherapeutic Expertise: Implications for Training Psychotherapists and Protecting Clients from Theoretical Abuse—explores
those experiences in which the therapist's own exercise of his or her meaning-making structures, and maintenance of the integrity
of his or her theories, has a limiting or destructive impact on the value of therapy to the client. It considers the concept
of “theoretical abuse” by psychotherapists as a way of characterizing the most destructive of these experiences. This serves
as a rhetorical device for introducing comparisons between these phenomena and the phenomena of sexual abuse by psychotherapists,
in terms of dynamics, prevalence, and appropriate strategies for prevention. Part II uses work on the development of dialectical
thinking in adulthood to conceptualize how different understandings of the nature of psychotherapists' expertise increase
or decrease the likelihood and severity of “theoretical abuse”. Finally, it derives implications for training psychologists
and other psychotherapy professionals. 相似文献
65.
Douglas D. Perkins 《American journal of community psychology》1995,23(5):765-794
The popularity, and subsequent ambiguity, in the use of the term “empowerment” has created an even greater need for reassessment
in the applied context than in the theory and research literatures. This paper outlines some of the areas of community, organizational,
and societal level social intervention and policy ostensibly based on the concept of empowerment. These include neighborhood
voluntary associations (for environmental protection, community crime prevention, etc.), self-help groups, competence-building
primary prevention, organizational management, health care and educational reforms, and national and international community
service and community development policies. Issues in applying social research to community organizations and to legislative
and administrative policy making are reviewed. Ten recommendations are offered, including the value of a dialectical analysis,
for helping researchers and policy makers/administrators make more effective use of empowerment theory and research.
Humpty Dumpty: “When I use a word, it means just what I choose it to mean neither more nor less.”
King of Hearts: “If there's no meaning in it, that saves a world of trouble, you know, as we needn't try to find any.”—Lewis
Carroll
Portions of this paper were first presented in the program “Empowerment Theory, Research and policy” at the Biennial Conference
on Community Research and Action, Williamsburg, Virginia, June 18, 1993. The author thanks Barbara B. Brown, Jo Ann Lippe,
Ken Maton and his students, David V. Perkins, Marc A. Zimmerman, and the anonymous reviewers for their very helpful comments
on earlier drafts. 相似文献
66.
67.
Personal Dispositions and Shift‐Work Tolerance: A Longitudinal Study of Municipality Shift Workers
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Vegard Stolsmo Foldal Eva Langvik Ingvild Saksvik‐Lehouillier 《Journal of Employment Counseling》2016,53(4):174-186
The aim of this study was to investigate how dispositional resistance to change and neuroticism could predict shift‐work tolerance (SWT) over a period of 6 months. Electronic questionnaires were completed by 74 shift workers employed in a municipality in Norway in January 2013 (1st wave of data collection) and in June 2013 (2nd wave of data collection). The findings suggest that individual differences, especially neuroticism, can predict SWT over a period of 6 months. 相似文献
68.
Most adolescents with chronic illness do not adhere to their regimen. A novel transdiagnostic adaptation of dialectical behavior therapy (dialectical behavior therapy for chronic medical conditions; DBT-CMI) is presented to improve medical adherence in adolescents. The authors describe the approach of DBT-CMI and the model’s conceptualization of nonadherence, with specific focus on the core concepts of non-adherence across illness in adolescence.DBT-CMI has been piloted in two disease groups with preliminary benefit. DBT-CMI lends itself theoretically as a transdiagnostic approach due to specific skills that target core concepts of nonadherence in adolescence. Future research is warranted on the applicability of DBT-CMI across other pediatric medical conditions to replicate findings and examine long-term outcomes. 相似文献
69.
Robert Jackson 《Journal of Beliefs & Values》2018,39(3):379-395
This article responds to Liam Gearon’s reply to my article Misrepresenting Religious Education’s Past and Present in Looking Forward: Gearon Using Kuhn’s Concepts of Paradigm, Paradigm Shift and Incommensurability. In maintaining my critique of Gearon’s use of Kuhn’s terminology, I question his claim that ‘incommensurability’ does not necessarily imply ‘incompatibility’, and challenge his view that ‘faith-based’ approaches to religious education and ‘inclusive’ approaches are incommensurable and deeply incompatible. I also question Gearon’s placement of particular scholars within his constructed paradigms, noting that those identified by Gearon with specific paradigms do not necessarily share the same views concerning the nature of religious education and its pedagogy, and that various scholars, associated by Gearon with particular paradigms, draw on a variety of disciplines in their work. I argue that Gearon’s construction of paradigms is a device he uses for ‘separation’, leading to his misrepresentation of the work of researchers. I argue for the benefits of collaboration, in research, teaching and policy development. Finally, I give reasons for writing the article, which do not result from any engagement in ‘paradigm wars’, and I draw attention to pressing issues relating to the future of ‘inclusive’ religious education which are not addressed by Gearon. 相似文献
70.
数字线估计任务的大量研究以纯数字为研究对象而忽视了赋义数字。本研究以Siegler等的数字线估计任务为原型,探讨在对数字时间赋义条件下小学二、四和六年级儿童的数字表征形式是否发生变化。结果表明,小学二年级是0-1000范围内数字表征从对数形式转换为线性形式的转折点,对数字赋予时间含义后,三个年级均出现了赋义效应。在线性模型和对数模型中时间赋义的作用相反,时间赋义表现出抑线升对(抑制线性模型提升对数模型解释力)的效果。 相似文献