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951.
We develop semiparametric Bayesian Thurstonian models for analyzing repeated choice decisions involving multinomial, multivariate
binary or multivariate ordinal data. Our modeling framework has multiple components that together yield considerable flexibility
in modeling preference utilities, cross-sectional heterogeneity and parameter-driven dynamics. Each component of our model
is specified semiparametrically using Dirichlet process (DP) priors. The utility (latent variable) component of our model
allows the alternative-specific utility errors to semiparametrically deviate from a normal distribution. This generates a
robust alternative to popular Thurstonian specifications that are based on underlying normally distributed latent variables.
Our second component focuses on flexibly modeling cross-sectional heterogeneity. The semiparametric specification allows the
heterogeneity distribution to mimic either a finite mixture distribution or a continuous distribution such as the normal,
whichever is supported by the data. Thus, special features such as multimodality can be readily incorporated without the need
to overtly search for the best heterogeneity specification across a series of models. Finally, we allow for parameter-driven
dynamics using a semiparametric state-space approach. This specification adds to the literature on robust Kalman filters.
The resulting framework is very general and integrates divergent strands of the literatures on flexible choice models, Bayesian
nonparametrics and robust time series specifications. Given this generality, we show how several existing Thurstonian models
can be obtained as special forms of our model. We describe Markov chain Monte Carlo methods for the inference of model parameters,
report results from two simulation studies and apply the model to consumer choice data from a frequently purchased product
category. The results from our simulations and application highlight the benefits of using our semiparametric approach. 相似文献
952.
This study sought to establish the relevance of mothers’ epistemic beliefs to their parenting style and preferred academic
goals for their child. College mothers (N = 163) from primarily working class families completed a variety of self-report measures including a modified version of
Schommer’s [(1990). Journal of Educational Psychology, 82, 498–504] Epistemological Beliefs Questionnaire, the Parental Attitudes Questionnaire-Revised [Reitman, Rhode, Hupp, & Altobello
(2002). Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 24(2), 119–127], and several goal orientation scales. Results indicated that a view of learning as effortful and under the
learner’s control and a view of knowledge as actively constructed were associated with an authoritative parenting style and
with a preference for their child to focus on learning, improvement, and effort in approaching academic tasks. By contrast,
a view of learning as quick, straightforward, relatively passive and as based in innate constraints and a view of knowledge
as consisting of discreet, unambiguous facts were associated with authoritarian and permissive styles and the adoption of
performance goals for one’s child.
Portions of this study were presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development in Atlanta, April,
2005. 相似文献
953.
954.
955.
Indecisiveness is a trait‐related general tendency to experience decision difficulties across a variety of situations, leading to decision delay, worry, and regret. Indecisiveness is proposed (Rassin, 2007) to be associated with an increase in desire for information acquisition and reliance on compensatory strategies—as evidenced by alternative‐based information search—during decision making. However existing studies provide conflicting findings. We conducted an information board study of indecisiveness, using eye tracking methodology, to test the hypotheses that the relationship between indecisiveness and choice strategy depends on being in the early stage of the decision making process, and that it depends on being in the presence of an opportunity to delay choice. We found strong evidence for the first hypothesis in that indecisive individuals changed shift behavior from the first to the second half of the task, consistent with a move from greater to lesser compensatory processing, while the shift behavior of decisive individuals suggested lesser compensatory processing over the whole task. Indecisiveness was also related to time spent viewing attributes of the selected course, and to time spent looking away from decision information. These findings resolve past discrepancies, suggest an interesting account of how the decision process unfolds for indecisive versus decisive individuals, and contribute to a better understanding of this tendency. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
956.
从医师的视角浅析医疗差错的辩证观 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
医疗差错是影响医疗安全的最重要因素。有效预防和正确处理医疗差错,需要以科学辩证的认识为前提。当前,我国医院管理实践在一定程度上缺乏对医疗差错的辩证认识,导致在处理上存在些许不足。本文从医师的视角,对如何辩证地认识医疗差错进行浅述。指出,医疗差错在相当程度上源于人的出错之天性和医学的复杂性,广泛存在于医疗实践中,发生具有必然性;虽然从表象上看,医疗差错的原因是局部的,但其本质的原因是系统性的;医疗差错是医疗安全系统运行状况的"指示灯",有助于及时地了解安全系统的薄弱环节,为完善和提升系统安全、提高医疗服务水平提供契机。 相似文献
957.
口腔种植诊疗实践中的思考 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
口腔种植现已经出现在人们的视线里,它具有一定的特殊性和优越性,能够解决常规修复手段不能解决的问题,然而在临床应用中,需要考虑和处理的问题往往很复杂。因此有必要在临床实践中运用辩证思维及循证医学的思想,在诊断中全面考虑、周密计划;在治疗中处理问题、解决难点;在随访中发现问题,促进发展。 相似文献
958.
消化系统疾病与精神心理因素相互影响,其相互作用呈现个体化差异,这与个体间的内环境以及外环境差别有关。主要病理生理学机制之一为"脑-肠轴"及"脑肠互动"学说。临床医生需要认识到二者之间辩证关系的普遍性和重要性,及时发现躯体症状背后潜藏的精神心理问题,综合运用各种心理干预和药物治疗手段。 相似文献
959.
自发性脑出血作为临床常见疾病,其背景复杂,对其予以准确诊断较为困难。除最常见于高血压性脑出血外,其既可作为某些疾病的首发表现,也可作为其他疾病的并发症或某些药物治疗的副作用而出现。其准确诊断除需具备完整临床知识结构外,亦要求我们具有辩证思维。本文旨在从辩证思维和临床角度探讨自发性脑出血的准确诊断。 相似文献
960.
临床路径制定过程中应用循证医学探讨 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
临床路径作为一种新的质量效益型管理模式将病种医疗服务标准化。本文通过概述循证医学在临床路径服务项目和内容以及住院时间制定过程中的应用方法以及循证实践步骤,为进一步制定科学合理的临床路径提供了循证来源,从而促进我国医院循证管理得到更好的实践。 相似文献