The Logic Of Reliable And Efficient Inquiry

Journal of Philosophical Logic - This paper pursues a thorough-going instrumentalist, or means-ends, approach to the theory of inductive inference. I consider three epistemic aims: convergence to a...     

Rethinking the Fallacy of Hasty Generalization

This paper makes a case for a refined look at the so- called fallacy of hasty generalization by arguing that this expression is an umbrella term for two fallacies already distinguished by Aristotle. One is the fallacy of generalizing in an inappropriate way from a particular instance to a universal generalization containing a for all x quantification. The other is the secundum quid (in a certain respect) fallacy of moving to a conclusion that is supposed to be a universal generalization containing a for all x quantification while overlooking qualifications that have to be added to the more limited kind of generalization expressed in the premise. It is shown that these two fallacies relate to two different kinds of generalization.The classification of fallacious generalizations is based on a new theory of generalization that distinguishes three kinds of generalizations – the universal generalization of the for all x type, used in classical deductive logic, the inductive generalization, based on probability, and the presumptive generalization, which is defeasible, and allows for exceptions to a general rule. The resulting classification goes beyond a logic-oriented analysis by taking into account how a respondent may oppose a potentially fallacious generalizing move by falsifying it. Using a dialectical interpretation of premise-conclusion complexes, the paper outline a richer concept of generalizing argument moves embedded in a communicational reconstruction of the strategic uses of such moves in which two parties take part in an orderly dialectical exchange of viewpoints.     

Argument as Inquiry in a Postmodern Context

Argumentation is a form of communication, rather than an application of(formal) logic, and is used in communicative activity as a means forinquiry, although it is more typically thought of as bringing inquiry toclosure. Thus interpretation is an intrinsic and crucial aspect ofconversational (interactive) argumentation. In order to further thisunderstanding of argumentative activity, I propose a procedure forinterpretation that draws upon hermeneutic phenomenology. In response tocriticisms by argumentation theorists (and others) who understand thistradition as oriented to psychological, perceptual, or textual objects, Iargue that hermeneutic phenomenology supports methods for analysis ofpublic communicative activity. The resulting conception of thick argumentation responds to contemporary (postmodern) claims that argumentation valorizes univocity, stasis, and certainty at the expense ofthe pluralism, fluctuation, and range of epistemic results thatcharacterize discourse in the public sphere.     

文化对中国人思维方式的影响

文化对生活于其中的人们的心理与行为有影响已是公认的事实 ,但不同的学科对文化通过什么起作用却一直存在争论 ,文化心理学的兴起对回答这个问题提供了一条值得借鉴的思路。该文通过分析 90年代以来文化心理学研究的思路、方法以及这种思路与方法在研究中国人的思维特性时的发现 ,指出对中国人思维特性的探讨能够使我们在更深的的层次上理解中国文化的影响以及东西方文化差异的根源。     

Adolescent non-suicidal self-injurious behavior: The latest epidemic to assess and treat

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) among adolescents is a serious and prevalent problem. This article reviews the epidemiological data as well as the existing treatments for adolescents who engage in NSSI. The authors also present the unique features of dialectical behavior therapy, the gold-standard evidence-based treatment for adults who engage in NSSI, and discuss its promise as an effective treatment for adolescents who engage in NSSI. Finally, the authors present a clinical vignette of an adolescent engaging in NSSI and how DBT works to target this maladaptive behavior.This article reviews first the epidemiological data and then the existing treatments for adolescents engaging in non-suicidal self-injurious behavior (NSSI). Next, the authors present the unique features of one particular therapy, called dialectical behavior therapy, for adolescents who engage in NSSI. Finally, the article concludes with a clinical vignette in which dialectical behavior therapy is applied to an adolescent engaging in NSSI.     

肝癌综合治疗的发展与展望

原发性肝癌是我国最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,预后较差,病死率较高。经过多年的探索与努力,人们利用辩证思维的方法,在总结了各种治疗方法的优、缺点后,取长补短兴起了肝癌的综合治疗。包括手术治疗、化疗、放疗、导向治疗、局部治疗、中医治疗、免疫治疗、基因治疗的综合治疗,成为进一步提高肝癌疗效的新途径。     

医学影像诊断中的辩证思维

辩证思维是最普遍适用、最重要的科学思维方法之一,医学影像诊断的各个方面均适用及应用着辩证思维。运用辩证思维能帮助分析疾病繁杂的外在表现,从而深刻认识疾病的本质,使影像诊断的结论更为准确和合理。     

个体化角膜屈光手术的探讨

对个体化角膜屈光手术这一屈光矫正领域的新理念和新方法进行探讨,提出医务工作者要勇于思想创新;以辩证思维看问题;关注社会需求,正确处理以人为本与追求经济利益的关系;加强多学科交叉合作和复合型人才的培养,才能推动个体化角膜屈光手术不断向更高层次迈进。     

糖尿病酮症酸中毒急救措施

辩证思维是最重要的科学思维方法,是指导临床工作的重要科学方法。糖尿病酮症酸中毒（DKA）为糖尿病的急性并发症,是导致糖尿病死亡的主要原因之一。在临床诊治过程中,应科学合理运用辩证思维方法,对DKA快速正确地诊断,积极及时地救治,从而降低糖尿病的病死率,提高患者的生存质量。     

The educative value of Dewey’s religious attitude for spirituality

John Dewey’s ‘religious attitude’ has great potential for the educative development of children’s spirituality. This is because it enables their spiritual understandings to become more intelligently composed – not just in a cognitive or hyper‐rational sense, but as a way of being. This paper provides an outline of Dewey’s approach, which is described as being democratic, inquiry based, and ‘scientific’. Such an approach therefore offers a contrast to other more epistemologically focused curricula which attempt to educate a person’s spirituality. In order to make the case for the potential educative value of such an attitude, a brief review of Dewey’s approach to education shall be offered, in which the notions of inquiry, democracy, and ‘science’ shall be highlighted to make the case that such attributes might be necessary for spiritual education if the United Nations Educational and Scientific Organization’s goal of attaining world peace is to ever become possible.