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181.
The generality and long-term maintenance of a pairing procedure designed to improve the efficacy of less intrusive procedures were evaluated for the treatment of problem behavior maintained by automatic reinforcement exhibited by 2 individuals with developmental disabilities. Results suggested that a less intrusive procedure could be established as a conditioned punisher by pairing it with an effective punisher contingent on problem behavior. Generalization across multiple therapists was demonstrated for both participants. However, generalization to another setting was not achieved for 1 participant until pairing was conducted in the second setting. Long-term maintenance was observed with 1 participant in the absence of further pairing trials. Maintenance via intermittent pairing trials was successful for the other participant. 相似文献
182.
Côté SM Vaillancourt T LeBlanc JC Nagin DS Tremblay RE 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2006,34(1):68-82
The objectives of the study were to model the developmental trajectories of physical aggression (PA) from toddlerhood to pre-adolescence and to identify risk factors that distinguish typical (normative) from atypical developmental patterns. Ten cohorts of approximately 1,000 children (n = 10,658) drawn form a nationally representative (Canadian) sample were followed over 6 years. Using a group based trajectory approach, we identified three groups of children with distinct developmental trajectories between 2 and 11 years of age. One third of the children (31.1%) followed a low desisting trajectory, reflected in infrequent use of PA in toddlerhood and virtually no PA by pre-adolescence. The majority of children (52.2%) followed a moderate desisting trajectory, reflected in occasional use of PA in toddlerhood and infrequent use by pre-adolescence. One sixth of the children (16.6%) followed a high stable trajectory of PA. Multivariate logistic regression indicated that children in the high PA trajectory group were more likely to be boys (OR: 1.67; CI: 1.5–1.87), from low income families (OR: 1.4; CI; 1.27–1.67), from families where the mother had not completed high school (OR: 1.20; CI: 1.05–1.38) and who reported using hostile/ineffective parenting strategies (OR: 1.16; CI: 1.14–1.18). In sum, the results indicate that the typical developmental pattern of PA was one of occasional and declining use over time. However, about one sixth of children, mostly boys from disadvantaged families, exhibited an atypical developmental pattern reflected in more frequent and stable use of PA. The results suggest that most children learned relatively well to inhibit PA by the end of childhood and that a minority failed to do so. Family risks traditionally found to be associated with antisocial behaviors during adolescence appear to interfere with the socialization of PA during early and middle childhood. 相似文献
183.
Violence prevention programs with varying degrees of scientific support have proliferated in the United States and elsewhere. This paper previewed a broad range of programs involving youth, families, or systems that aimed to prevent or reduce violence-related behavior. The purpose of the review was to address critical issues concerning (1) target level of programming, (2) theory-driven versus problem-driven conceptualization, (3) cultural considerations, (4) developmental considerations, (5) intervention fidelity, and (6) outcome and impact assessment. Conclusions about these issues address tendencies and trends across programs. 相似文献
184.
综合运用课堂观察、访谈和问卷调查法,本研究以263名小学1~6年级学生为被试,考察了小学生课堂参与的类型及其发展特点。结果表明:1)根据学生课堂参与的性质、参与的程度可以将小学生划分为三类,即消极参与型、主动参与型和被动参与型;2)从总体分布上看,小学生课堂参与的类型是比较多样化的,相比较而言,被动参与型的人数最多,主动参与型次之,消极参与型最少;3)在学习成绩和自我概念方面,主动参与型学生的发展要优于被动参与型和消极参与型学生。 相似文献
185.
Spike J 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》2001,22(6):519-526
Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics - Living organ donation will soon become the source of the majority of organs donations for transplant. Should mentally handicapped people be allowed to donate,... 相似文献
186.
An analogue functional analysis revealed that the problem behavior of a young child with developmental delays was maintained by positive reinforcement. A concurrent-schedule procedure was then used to vary the amount of effort required to emit mands. Results suggested that response effort can be an important variable when developing effective functional communication training programs. 相似文献
187.
该研究通过对儿童2~4岁的抑制性发展类型与他们同陌生同伴交往特征的关系研究发现(1)在陌生情境中,稳定极端抑制儿童与陌生同伴的游戏活动的社交复杂程度是最低的.从非抑制发展到抑制的儿童在陌生情境中与稳定极端抑制的儿童没有明显差异.(2)从抑制发展到非抑制的儿童在陌生情境中的单独-被动行为是最多的;他们在介绍生日的同伴活动中的主动性是最好的;他们进行的社会性装扮游戏也是最多的.(3)稳定极端非抑制的儿童在陌生情境中与陌生同伴交往的社交复杂程度最高,他们进行的活动类型和活动频次最多,但他们可能有一些外显行为问题. 相似文献
188.
The Hopelessness Theory of Depression: A Test of the Diathesis–Stress and Causal Mediation Components in Third and Seventh Grade Children 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
John R. Z. Abela 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2001,29(3):241-254
The goal of the current study was to test the diathesis–stress and causal mediation components of the hopelessness theory of depression in third- and seventh-grade children. The procedure involved an initial assessment of depressive symptoms, hopelessness, and the 3 cognitive styles posited as vulnerability factors by hopelessness theory. The procedure also involved a series of 6 weekly follow-up assessments in which depressive symptoms, hopelessness, and the occurrence of negative events were assessed. A depressogenic attributional style interacted with negative events to predict increases in depressive symptoms in seventh-grade children but not in third-grade children. A depressogenic inferential style about consequences interacted with negative events to predict increases in depressive symptoms in both third- and seventh-grade children. Last, a depressogenic inferential style about the self interacted with negative events to predict increases in depressive symptoms in third- and seventh-grade girls but not boys. None of these interactions were mediated by hopelessness. 相似文献
189.
Henry S. Roane Wayne W. Fisher Gina M. Sgro 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2001,34(3):333-336
Fixed‐time (FT) schedules of reinforcement have been used to decrease destructive behavior. However, the effects of FT schedules on acquisition and maintenance of appropriate behavior remain unclear. In this study, we present a case in which an FT schedule produced an increase in adaptive behavior and resulted in a significant decrease in destructive behavior. 相似文献
190.
Mark R. Dixon Heather Benedict Tracy Larson 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2001,34(3):361-363
The present study examined the possible function of inappropriate verbal behavior of an adult man who had been diagnosed with both mental retardation and psychosis. Results of a functional analysis indicated that inappropriate verbal utterances were maintained by attention. An intervention consisting of the differential reinforcement of appropriate verbal behavior effectively reduced the inappropriate behavior. 相似文献