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941.
Gender differences in memory for objects and their locations: a study on automatic versus controlled encoding and retrieval contexts 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Object-location memory is the only spatial task where female subjects have been shown to outperform males. This result is not consistent across all studies, and may be due to the combination of the multi-component structure of object location memory with the conditions under which different studies were done. Possible gender differences in object location memory and its component object identity memory were assessed in the present study. In order to disentangle these two components, an object location memory task (in which objects had to be relocated in daily environments), and a separate object identity recognition task were carried out. This study also focused on the conditions under which object locations were encoded and retrieved. Only half of the participants were aware of the fact that object locations had to be retrieved later on. Moreover, by applying the 'process dissociation procedure' to the object location memory assessments and the 'remember-know' paradigm to the object identity measure, the amount of explicit (conscious) and implicit (unconscious) retrieval was estimated for each component. In general, females performed better than males on the object location memory task. However, when controlled for object identity memory, females no longer outperformed males, whereas they did not obtain a higher general object identity memory score, nor did they have more explicit or implicit recollection of the object identities. These complicated effects might stem from a difference between males and females, in the way locations or associations between objects and locations are retrieved. In general, participants had more explicit (conscious) recollection than implicit (unconscious) recollection. No effect of encoding context was found, nor any interaction effect of gender, encoding and retrieval context. 相似文献
942.
We surveyed 2,125 men and 3,735 women (N = 5,860) across the USA to test hypothesized relationships regarding women’s and men’s use of justice and care orientations
when they confront crisis events with moral implications. Consistent with previous research, we found that women were more
likely than men to adopt a care orientation. Contrary to expectations, however, women also adopted a justice response to a
greater degree than did men. We found that, in response to a crisis, women, unlike men, were more likely to believe they would
connect with others and take action. Implications for explaining inconsistencies in prior research findings on the justice
and care orientations, and for conceptualizing these important constructs in a new way, are discussed. 相似文献
943.
Spatial reasoning with external visualizations: what matters is what you see, not whether you interact 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Three experiments examined the effects of interactive visualizations and spatial abilities on a task requiring participants to infer and draw cross sections of a three-dimensional (3D) object. The experiments manipulated whether participants could interactively control a virtual 3D visualization of the object while performing the task, and compared participants who were allowed interactive control of the visualization to those who were not allowed control. In Experiment 1, interactivity produced better performance than passive viewing, but the advantage of interactivity disappeared in Experiment 2 when visual input for the two conditions in a yoked design was equalized. In Experiments 2 and 3, differences in how interactive participants manipulated the visualization were large and related to performance. In Experiment 3, non-interactive participants who watched optimal movements of the display performed as well as interactive participants who manipulated the visualization effectively and better than interactive participants who manipulated the visualization ineffectively. Spatial ability made an independent contribution to performance on the spatial reasoning task, but did not predict patterns of interactive behavior. These experiments indicate that providing participants with active control of a computer visualization does not necessarily enhance task performance, whereas seeing the most task-relevant information does, and this is true regardless of whether the task-relevant information is obtained actively or passively. 相似文献
944.
Sukhodolsky DG Scahill L Gadow KD Arnold LE Aman MG McDougle CJ McCracken JT Tierney E Williams White S Lecavalier L Vitiello B 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2008,36(1):117-128
Background In addition to the core symptoms, children with Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD) often exhibit other problem behaviors
such as aggression, hyperactivity, and anxiety, which can contribute to overall impairment and, therefore, become the focus
of clinical attention. Limited data are available on the prevalence of anxiety in these children. We examined frequency and
correlates of parent-rated anxiety symptoms in a large sample of children with PDD.
Methods The goals of this study were to examine the frequency and correlates of parent-rated anxiety symptoms in a sample of 171 medication-free
children with PDD who participated in two NIH-funded medication trials. Twenty items of the Child and Adolescent Symptom Inventory
(CASI) were used to measure anxiety.
Results Forty three percent of the total sample met screening cut-off criteria for at least one anxiety disorder. Higher levels of
anxiety on the 20-item CASI scale were associated with higher IQ, the presence of functional language use, and with higher
levels of stereotyped behaviors. In children with higher IQ, anxiety was also associated with greater impairment in social
reciprocity.
Conclusion Anxiety is common in PDD and warrants consideration in clinical evaluation and treatment planning. This study suggests that
parent ratings could be a useful source of information about anxiety symptoms in this population. Some anxiety symptoms such
as phobic and social anxiety may be closer to core symptoms of PDD. Further efforts to validate tools to ascertain anxiety
are needed, as are studies to empirically test approaches to treat anxiety in PDD. 相似文献
945.
Although personality is shown to predict negative relationship experiences, few researchers have used a structural model of personality to study the ways that personality contributes to intimate partner aggression (IPA). This study investigates the five-factor model of personality and its associations with both the use and receipt of psychological, physical, and sexual IPA in 179 men and 301 women. Each of the five factors of personality was associated with at least one type of IPA perpetration or victimization. The dimensions of neuroticism and agreeableness were the strongest predictors of IPA particularly for women. Results are discussed in terms of why personality should be considered as a predictor for both the use and receipt of IPA, why sex differences emerged, and future research that should be conducted. 相似文献
946.
947.
Cosand LD Cavanagh TM Brown AA Courtney CG Rissling AJ Schell AM Dawson ME 《Consciousness and cognition》2008,17(4):1105-1113
There are wide individual differences in the ability to detect a stimulus contingency embedded in a complex paradigm. The present study used a cognitive masking paradigm to better understand individual differences related to contingency learning. Participants were assessed on measures of electrodermal arousal and on working memory capacity before engaging in the contingency learning task. Contingency awareness was assessed both by trial-by-trial verbal reports obtained during the task and by a short post-task recognition questionnaire. Participants who became aware had fewer non-specific skin conductance responses and tended to score higher on a digit span assessment. Skin conductance level was not significantly lower in the aware group than in the unaware group. These findings are consistent with studies showing that lower arousal and greater cognitive processing capacity facilitate conscious perception of a greater breadth of information within a scene or a task. 相似文献
948.
Murzyn E 《Consciousness and cognition》2008,17(4):1228-1237
This study aimed to find out whether differences in the reported colour of dreams can be attributed to the influence of black and white media or to methodological issues. Two age groups, with different media experience, were compared on questionnaire and diary measures of dream colour. Analysis revealed that people who had access to black and white media before colour media experienced more greyscale dreams than people with no such exposure, and there were no differences between diary and questionnaire measures of dream colour. Moreover, there were inter-group differences in the recall quality of colour and black and white dreams that point to the possibility that true greyscale dreams occur only in people with black and white media experience. 相似文献
949.
950.
Work-life benefits and organizational attachment: Self-interest utility and signaling theory models 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This study examines two competing theoretical explanations for why work-life policies such as dependent care assistance and flexible schedules influence organizational attachment. The self-interest utility model posits that work-life policies influence organizational attachment because employee use of these policies facilitates attachment. The signaling model posits that these policies facilitate attachment indirectly through perceived organizational support. Regression analyses explored both models using a sample of 286 full time employees. Results supported both the signaling model and the self-interest utility model. For women, the availability of work-life benefits influenced organizational attachment irrespective of use, and these effects were mediated by support perceptions, consistent with the signaling model. In contrast, the self-interest model was also supported for men only. Specifically, the availability and use of flexible schedules interacted in predicting affective commitment among men such that flexible schedule availability was positively related to commitment only when use was high and negatively related to commitment when use was low. Dependent care assistance and schedule flexibility also interacted in predicting affective commitment, turnover intentions, and perceived organizational support, suggesting that the effect of policy implementation may depend on what other policies are already offered by the organization. Findings are discussed in terms of implications for theory and organizational practice. 相似文献