管理心理学的现状与发展趋势

本文在综合分析了国内外管理心理学发展概况的基础上认为,在适应经济全球化和企业不断变革的情况下,组织变革、领导行为、激励机制和组织文化是管理心理学的研究新热点,管理心理学的发展趋势是重视组织层面的变革研究,强调对人力资源的系统开发,研究领域不断拓展,更加关注国家目标.并提出了管理心理学研究的近期目标和中长期发展目标的建议.     

小学生求知欲培养的实验研究

本研究探讨了小学生求知欲的构成因素及其培养因子;制定了测评小学生求知欲的问卷;运用现场教育实验,对小学生求知欲进行了培养研究.研究结果表明1.激发学生积极的学习态度、使之获得成功的体验,能有效地提高小学生求知欲的水平,它们是促进小学生求知欲发展的重要途径.2.求知需要、学习态度、积极的情绪情感体验是构成小学生求知欲的重要因素.     

组织承诺与职务投入对技术人员行为的影响

文章讨论了不同职业发展阶段条件下组织承诺和职务投入分别对工程技术人员工作绩效和离职倾向的预测效应.针对Werbel(1984)提出的只有职业发展后期组织承诺才能有效预测离职以及Keller(1997)提出的职务投入对工程师绩效不具有预测力,论文提出了不同观点.通过问卷法对210位工程技术人员进行测量发现,无论离职倾向还是工作绩效,随着职业发展,其预测变量呈现组织承诺-职务投入-组织承诺交替出现的特征.文章对交替过程中的职业发展阶段划分及不同阶段的任务特征作了进一步探讨.     

The same but different: an empirical investigation of the reducibility principle

According to classical utility theory the valuation of any lottery should depend only on its outcomes and their respective probabilities, and should not be affected by the nature, complexity and structure of the chance mechanism. Previous research has documented systematic violations of this principle. For example, most subjects prefer lotteries in which the payoffs are contingent on the joint occurrence of multiple (high probability) events to simple lotteries, and lotteries in which the earlier stages offer higher probabilities than the later stages. We review the various violations of this principle and suggest a classification into two major types associated with misunderstanding of chance mechanisms and attitude towards the chance mechanism and process. In the present study 40 subjects were presented with 30 pairs of binary gambles. In any given pair the lotteries had identical outcomes and equal ‘reduced’ probabilities (and thus equal expected values). However, the chance mechanisms varied along a variety of factors such as the size of the sample space, the number of stages, temporal ordering, order of probabilities, their transparency and time constraints. Half the subjects saw lotteries involving gains and the other half considered only losses. After choosing one lottery in each pair, the subjects were asked to explain and justify their choices. The findings revealed systematic violations of the reducibility principle: subjects displayed a preference for lotteries with larger sample spaces, and for lotteries that allow quicker resolutions in the earlier stages. A clear distinction between some patterns of preferences in the gains and loss domains was revealed. In gambles involving gains subjects preferred to have the highest probability on the first stage (and the lowest probability on the last stage), but displayed the opposite preferences for losses. A content analysis of the subjects' stated reasons for their choices identified eight major categories. The most frequently invoked were hope, fun, simplicity, stress and time. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

20世纪全球卫生发展的回顾与展望

20世纪人类的健康状况发生了革命性的转变,同时也面临着前所未有的挑战。疾病谱的改变及人口寿命的延长以及医疗费用的上涨仍然是困扰各国决策者的难题,卫生发展与改革任重道远。完善健康保障体系最理想的选择方案是政府为居民“购买”基本卫生服务,由国家财政和居民共同承担保险基金,普及初级卫生保健,鼓励多种形式办医,WHO确定的卫生工作目标是各成员国卫生系统改革与发展的指导方针。     

3-6年级小学生师生关系:结构、类型及其发展

本研究采用师生关系教师评定量表,由14名班主任教师对498名3-6年级学生与教师的关系进行评价.结果表明:(1)师生关系量表具有较好的信度和效度,师生关系特点主要表现在冲突性、亲密性和反应性三个维度上.(2)快速聚类分析的结果表明,3-6年级学生的师生关系可划分为3种类型:冷漠型、冲突型、亲密型,其分布比例分别为23.0%、33.7%、43.3%.(3)师生关系随学生年级增长而变化.在师生关系各维度及总分上,存在显著的年级差异.随年级的上升,积极师生关系类型的比例逐渐下降,而消极师生关系类型的比例逐步上升.     

保险推销员(职业)自我效能感量表的建构

在对保险推销员自我效能感进行理论分析、现场访谈和问卷调查之基础上,采用探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析技术,对保险推销员自我效能感的内在结构进行了探讨。结果表明,保险推销员自我效能感由八个因素构成,即：晤谈技能、仪态、毅力、情绪调节、知识掌握、计划总结、直觉判断和前期准备。在此基础上,依据心理测量学原理和方法研制了保险推销员自我效能感量表。由此,保险推销员应从这八个方面来判断自己保险推销的总体素质。     

The Development of Selective Attention in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

The influence of age on a selective attention task was studied in a sample of children with and without Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The impact of methylphenidate (MPH) treatment on selective attention was also investigated in the children with ADHD. Two age groups of children with ADHD and two age groups of control children were tested using a timed computer task. The task consisted of identifying visual target stimuli under various distracter conditions. Distracters varied on the basis of modality (i.e., visual, auditory, or both) and task relevance (i.e., meaningful or irrelevant). Reaction times and accuracy were measured. Children with ADHD were less efficient on the selective attention task than were children without ADHD, and older children were more efficient than younger children in both groups. Children without ADHD were influenced more by the nature of distracters than were children with ADHD. For children with ADHD, MPH improved performance overall.     

关于小学四年级至初中一年级学生阅读理解能力的研究

本研究从一般性阅读理解的角度．对738名小学四年级至初中一年级学生的阅读理解能力进行研究,得出由七种成分构成的阅读理解能力结构,并初步探讨了各年级学生以及不同阅读理解能力学生的发展特点。     

人格特质研究的新进展

近二十年来,人格特质的研究取得了丰硕的成果,人格特质也已经成为心理学很多领域研究的课题。本文试图从人格的结构与描述、人格的行为遗传学研究、人格的发展、特质的进化等方面来探讨人格特质研究的新进展。