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241.
错误相关负电位(ERN)及其理论解释 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
错误动作发生后,在个体额叶中部可观察到一个明显的负相电位偏移,这称为“错误相关负电位”(error related negativity,ERN)。有研究者提出了“强化学习理论”,认为ERN反映了当前行为结果与预期之间的差异。与此不同的是“冲突监控理论”,认为ERN与反应冲突有关。还有研究者提出了“失匹配理论”,强调实际反应的神经表征(错误反应)与当前任务所要求的反应表征的差异产生了ERN。在阐述ERN的理论解释基础上,对三者之间的关系进行了分析与整合。 相似文献
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Abigail A. Scholer Steven J. Stroessner 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2008,44(3):767-774
Regulatory focus theory distinguishes between two motivational systems—a promotion system concerned with nurturance and advancement and a prevention system concerned with security and safety [Higgins, E. T. (1997). Beyond pleasure and pain. American Psychologist, 52, 1280-1300]. In signal detection terms, a preference for eager strategies within the promotion system has been equated with a “risky” bias, whereas a preference for vigilant strategies within the prevention system has been equated with a “conservative” bias. However, we propose that when prevention-focused individuals face negative input, they should be willing to incur false alarms to ensure that negative stimuli are correctly identified. Across six studies, we found for negative stimuli a reversal of the traditional finding that prevention participants show a conservative bias in information processing. In these studies, prevention participants consistently exhibited a risky bias when the input was negative. We suggest that this new tactic—a risky bias in response to negativity—best serves the prevention strategy of vigilance. 相似文献
245.
Cassorla RM 《The International journal of psycho-analysis》2008,89(1):161-180
The present paper discusses situations in which patient and analyst are involved in obstructive collusions, non-dreams-for-two, shaping enactments. Specifically, it describes explosions in the analytical field, acute enactments, which the analyst assigns, at first sight, to his faulty conduct. The subsequent amplification of the analytical dyad's capacity of symbolization makes the analyst investigate his presumed fault. The present work shows how acute enactments revive traumatic situations that were concealed by previous obstructive collusions, or chronic enactments. During chronic enactments unconscious exchanges occur between the dyad, in which the analyst provides implicit alpha-function to the patient, little by little recovering the traumatized parts. When there is enough recovery, the protective collusion is undone and the trauma is revived as acute enactment. This revival will not be traumatic because there are mental resources ready at hand to symbolize it. These situations are articulated with borderline patients. The patient clings to the analyst, using him as a protective shield against reality traumas. The implicit and explicit alpha-function exerted by the analyst contributes to the processing and symbolization of this reality, recovering the injured mind and elaborating the trauma. So the patient creates a triangular space to dream and think. 相似文献
246.
Pinkston JW Ratzlaff KL Madden GJ Fowler SC 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2008,90(2):249-255
The reproducibility of experimental outcomes depends on consistent control of independent variables. In food-maintained operant performance, it is of utmost importance that the quantity of food delivered is reliable. To that end, some commercial food pellet dispensers have add-on attachments to sense the delivery of pellets. Not all companies, however, offer such add-ons. Aside from availability, cost and temporary reduction in throughput may be a problem for smaller labs. The present paper outlines our recent development of a simple, inexpensive infrared device to detect and confirm the delivery of pellets. The in-line construction of the detector routes the falling pellet through a barrel so that it passes between an infrared emitter and receiver. The circuitry was designed to be compatible with all commercially available behavioral measurement systems, and so may be retrofit to any existing system. Our tests with the detector so far have shown that it is 100% accurate in detecting pellet delivery. The individual unit cost is approximately 25 dollars. The low cost and versatility of the device offer an easy method to ensure the integrity of food delivery in operant settings. 相似文献
247.
从现代医学模式转变出发,探讨了<临床技术操作规范·美容医学>分册的编写体会,阐明了该<规范>分册的指导思想、基本原则,介绍了美容医学临床技术实施效果评价的主要内容和要求. 相似文献
248.
Tamara Feldman 《Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy》2002,32(2-3):213-227
Responding to patients' questions throughout the therapeutic process can be challenging. Questions posed at the beginning of treatment have unique features which make them especially difficult to negotiate. When handled skillfully and tactfully, questions asked during this phase can provide the therapist with important opportunities to foster engagement in treatment. Questions can provide valuable information about the patient's internal world, afford the opportunity to socialize the patient to the therapeutic process, and aid in rapport-building. This article will focus on ways to understand and handle questions patients ask during the initial phase of treatment. Vignettes will be presented and specific responses therapists can offer to patients will be discussed. 相似文献
249.
The fields of cognitive neuroscience and neuropsychology have contributed an extensive corpus of research to the study of
error monitoring processes in younger adults; however, less is known about error handling in older adults. This paper highlights
current conceptualizations of error detection and correction in healthy and impaired older adult populations. The literature
suggests that some error handling processes require fewer processing resources than others and may be performed relatively
automatically. Compared with young adults, older adults demonstrate a reduced ability to recognize errors, but exhibit similar
rates of correction. Older adults diagnosed with a neurodegenerative disease (e.g. Alzheimer’s disease) show a reduced ability
to detect and correct their action errors. Thus, neurodegenerative disease processes amplify the impairments in error identification
associated with normal aging by disrupting both automatic and controlled error corrections. The clinical implications of our
current knowledge are discussed, and directions for future neuropsychological research are offered.
相似文献
Tania GiovannettiEmail: |
250.
Snodgrass et al.’s (2009) commentary makes explicit one of the major problems in consciousness research; that there seem to be just as many definitions of basic terms are there are people in the field. Although Snodgrass et al.’s position appears at odds with the views expressed in Irvine (2009), many of their arguments are actually consistent with the proposed views, or else fail to engage with them as a consequence of the shifting goal posts of what basic terms mean. 相似文献