消化系统疾病与精神心理因素的辩证关系

消化系统疾病与精神心理因素相互影响,其相互作用呈现个体化差异,这与个体间的内环境以及外环境差别有关。主要病理生理学机制之一为"脑-肠轴"及"脑肠互动"学说。临床医生需要认识到二者之间辩证关系的普遍性和重要性,及时发现躯体症状背后潜藏的精神心理问题,综合运用各种心理干预和药物治疗手段。     

如何正确认识和处理新发与复燃传染病

近40年来,由于诸多因素的影响,新发传染病陆续出现,再发传染病在某些地区"死灰复燃",并且呈现出不同以往传染病的新特点,如病原体的变异、人兽共患性、传播速度快、流行范围广等,加之传媒的"双刃剑"作用,共同造成了新发与复燃传染病的种种不确定性。因此,正确认识和积极防治新发与复燃传染病已成为新世纪人类亟待解决的重大问题,是当前世界疾病预防控制工作中的重要内容。     

Coherence and correspondence criteria for rationality: experts' estimation of risks of sexually transmitted infections

The aim of this study is to examine both coherence and correspondence criteria for rationality in experts' judgments of risk. We investigated biases in risk estimation for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) predicted by fuzzy‐trace theory, i.e., that specific errors would occur despite experts' knowledge of correct responses. One hundred twenty professionals with specific knowledge of STI risks in adolescents were administered a survey questionnaire to test predictions concerning: knowledge deficits (producing underestimation of risks); gist‐based representation of risk categories (producing overestimation of condom effectiveness); retrieval failure for risk knowledge (producing lower risk estimates); and processing interference in combining risk estimates (producing biases in post‐test diagnosis of infection). Retrieval was manipulated by asking estimation questions that “unpacked” the STI category into infection types or did not specify infection types. Other questions differentiated processing biases from knowledge deficits or retrieval failure by directly providing requisite knowledge. Experts' knowledge of STI transmission and infection risks was verified empirically. Nevertheless, under predictable conditions, they misestimated risk, overestimated the effectiveness of condoms, and also suffered from processing biases. When questions provided better retrieval supports (unpacked format), risk estimates improved. Biases were linked to gist representations, retrieval failures, and processing errors, as opposed to knowledge about STIs. Results support fuzzy‐trace theory's dual‐process assumptions that different types of errors are dissociated from one another, and separate failures of coherence and correspondence among the same sample of experts. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.