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271.
When there exist omitted effects, measurement error, and/or simultaneity in multilevel models, explanatory variables may be
correlated with random components, and standard estimation methods do not provide consistent estimates of model parameters.
This paper introduces estimators that are consistent under such conditions. By employing generalized method of moments (GMM)
estimation techniques in multilevel modeling, the authors present a series of estimators along a robust to efficient continuum.
This continuum depends on the assumptions that the analyst makes regarding the extent of the correlated effects. It is shown
that the GMM approach provides an overarching framework that encompasses well-known estimators such as fixed and random effects
estimators and also provides more options. These GMM estimators can be expressed as instrumental variable (IV) estimators
which enhances their interpretability. Moreover, by exploiting the hierarchical structure of the data, the current technique
does not require additional variables unlike traditional IV methods. Further, statistical tests are developed to compare the
different estimators. A simulation study examines the finite sample properties of the estimators and tests and confirms the
theoretical order of the estimators with respect to their robustness and efficiency. It further shows that not only are regression
coefficients biased, but variance components may be severely underestimated in the presence of correlated effects. Empirical
standard errors are employed as they are less sensitive to correlated effects when compared to model-based standard errors.
An example using student achievement data shows that GMM estimators can be effectively used in a search for the most efficient
among unbiased estimators.
This research was supported by the National Academy of Education/Spencer Foundation and the National Science Foundation, grant
number SES-0436274. We thank the editor, associate editor, and referees for detailed feedback that helped improve the paper. 相似文献
272.
273.
HSK主观考试评分的Rasch实验分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
主观评分中存在的不一致性导致主观评分的信度降低。多面Rasch模型基于项目反应理论,可以应用于评分员效应的识别和消除,从而提高主观评分的信度。该文介绍多面Rasch模型的理论和应用框架,设计了基于该模型的HSK主观考试评分质量控制应用框架,利用HSK作文评分数据进行了实验验证。 相似文献
274.
Ormond KE Iris M Banuvar S Minogue J Annas GJ Elias S 《Journal of genetic counseling》2007,16(4):539-550
The recent increased number of conditions for which patients can undergo genetic carrier testing raises the question of how
best to obtain pre-test informed consent. Clinical approaches vary from a minimalist model to a model where patients are given
detailed information about all conditions to be screened for. Few data exist as to patient preferences, or how information
impacts decision-making. Eight high-literacy focus groups were conducted to assess the knowledge and preferences of pregnant
patients and their male partners. Most groups indicated that some balance between details and brevity was optimal, recognizing
that anxiety can occur when patients are provided with too much information and that the wide range of tests offered during
pregnancy often led to confusion. Critical areas for the informed consent process included (1) details about the conditions
and risk of being a carrier, (2) logistics of testing, (3) next steps if the test is positive, and (4) prognosis, options
and resources if the child were to be affected with a disorder. It will be useful to develop model consent programs and prospectively
assess their impact on informed consent and patient satisfaction, both when positive and negative results are received. 相似文献
275.
276.
Jochen Ranger Jörg‐Tobias Kuhn 《The British journal of mathematical and statistical psychology》2014,67(3):388-407
Latent trait models for responses and response times in tests often lack a substantial interpretation in terms of a cognitive process model. This is a drawback because process models are helpful in clarifying the meaning of the latent traits. In the present paper, a new model for responses and response times in tests is presented. The model is based on the proportional hazards model for competing risks. Two processes are assumed, one reflecting the increase in knowledge and the second the tendency to discontinue. The processes can be characterized by two proportional hazards models whose baseline hazard functions correspond to the temporary increase in knowledge and discouragement. The model can be calibrated with marginal maximum likelihood estimation and an application of the ECM algorithm. Two tests of model fit are proposed. The amenability of the proposed approaches to model calibration and model evaluation is demonstrated in a simulation study. Finally, the model is used for the analysis of two empirical data sets. 相似文献
277.
Yang Liu David Thissen 《The British journal of mathematical and statistical psychology》2014,67(3):496-513
Score tests for identifying locally dependent item pairs have been proposed for binary item response models. In this article, both the bifactor and the threshold shift score tests are generalized to the graded response model. For the bifactor test, the generalization is straightforward; it adds one secondary dimension associated only with one pair of items. For the threshold shift test, however, multiple generalizations are possible: in particular, conditional, uniform, and linear shift tests are discussed in this article. Simulation studies show that all of the score tests have accurate Type I error rates given large enough samples, although their small‐sample behaviour is not as good as that of Pearson's Χ2 and M2 as proposed in other studies for the purpose of local dependence (LD) detection. All score tests have the highest power to detect the LD which is consistent with their parametric form, and in this case they are uniformly more powerful than Χ2 and M2; even wrongly specified score tests are more powerful than Χ2 and M2 in most conditions. An example using empirical data is provided for illustration. 相似文献
278.
279.
David Bergman Caroline Lornudd Lennart Sjöberg Ulrica Von Thiele Schwarz 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》2014,55(4):389-397
To investigate the relationship between personality and multi‐source feedback, we assessed 190 health care managers by applying the Understanding Personal Potential personality test, which provides comprehensive measurement of the Big Five dimensions and eight narrower personality traits. Managers' leadership behaviors were assessed by colleagues, supervisors, a random sample of each manager's subordinates as well as the managers themselves using a 360‐degree change, production, employee (CPE) instrument. Hierarchical multivariate regression analysis showed that the Big Five variables were significantly related to the Managers' leadership behavior in all CPE dimensions. Also, addition of narrow personality variables to the Big Five increased explained variance in leadership behavior. This study is the first of its kind to include the full range of viewpoints in a 360‐degree instrument, along with a large number of subordinate assessments. We found that both the strength of the relationship between personality and behavior and the configuration of different predictors varied depending on who did the rating and what leadership orientation was investigated, and this observation merits further investigation. 相似文献
280.
Previous research has evaluated the motor proficiency of children with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and found delays on the balance subtest. However the balance subtest was found to have low sensitivity for identifying balance impairments. This study examines the differences in postural control between children with NF1 and peers with typical development using a force plate. A single limb stance test on a force plate was completed for all participants. The force plate variables, center of pressure maximum distance in the anterior/posterior direction (COPmax A/P) and center of pressure velocity (COPvel A/P) were compared between groups. The NF1 group’s performance was significantly poorer than the control group in both COPmax A/P (p = .01) and COPvel A/P (p = .01). When separated into specific age ranges, only the children in the NF1 group between 5 and 12 years of age demonstrated statistically significant differences in the COP variables. The COP variables for the 13- to 18-year-old group were not significantly different. These results indicate that young children with NF1 have poor postural control. However, postural control appears to improve with maturation. 相似文献