比较应用题的问题表征策略研究

采用2×2×4三因素混合实验设计,对不同年级学生解比较应用题过程中的各种指标进行分析,结果表明:学生解比较应用题时的问题表征策略存在显著的年级差异;数学成绩优生、差生存在不同的问题表征策略;题目呈现方式对学生的问题表征策略有显著影响。     

The Duluth model: A data-impervious paradigm and a failed strategy

Gondolf has criticized our review as being selective and suggests that the Duluth model is more promising than we had concluded. We note that his own outcome study showed a failure rate for a Duluth program of 40% – identical to the mean rate of the studies we reviewed. We see his critiques as representative of the very mindset we described in our original paper – that of the gender paradigm. We review some of the shortcomings of Gondolf's critique as representative of this mindset. Our conclusion about the failure of the Duluth program remains unchanged.     

中学生学习策略发展研究

采用调查问卷法,以自编的《中学生学习方式量表》对初一至高三800名学生进行了调查。结果发现：初中生对学习策略的掌握和运用水平尚不稳定,初三学生的学习策略水平出现明显的下降趋势,高中生对学习策略的掌握运用达到自控水平;初中、高中男、女生间学习策略水平存在显著差异,女生学习策略整体水平显著高于男生,随年级的提高,部分学习策略水平的性别差异有逐渐缩小的趋势;学习成绩与学习策略存在显著正相关。     

智力个体差异研究述评

智力差异是心理学领域智力研究和个体差异研究的一项重要内容。近年来,研究者对智力个体差异的内在机制从不同角度提出了解释,随着认知领域相应研究的发展,陆续出现了4种研究取向：因素取向、参数取向、策略取向和适应性取向。文章在简要介绍4种取向的内涵、产生的历史背景的基础上,综述了各个取向相关的研究成果,特别是最新进展。已有研究表明,四种取向在解释个体智力差异本质方面都还存在着一定问题,未来的研究需要努力构建比较全面的智力差异理论;从认知加工和神经机制研究相结合的角度恰当解释智力差异;同时加强对非认知因素的关注     

Organization of sex-typical patterns of defense during food protection in the rat: The role of the opponent's sex

Feeding rats defend a food item from an approaching conspecific by turning away, laterally, about 180°. Females and males use a different composition of movements and stepping patterns to perform these defensive dodges. This study was designed to examine the role of the robber's sex on the execution of sex-typical patterns of dodging. All subjects were tested with a partner of each sex. During dodging, females used the female-typical pattern of pivoting around the pelvis, and males used the male-typical midbody pivot, irrespective of the robber's sex. These findings show that the sex-typical patterns of dodging are not determined by the sex of the partner. Females and males however, differed in how they were oriented towards a same sex robber at the end of the dodge. This suggests that while male and female robbers must pose different defensive problems, these differences are dealt with by modifying the sex-typical pattern of dodging rather than by switching to the dodge pattern of the opposite sex. This further suggests that the differences in the composition of the dodge pattern in males and females are not due to extrinsic contingencies, but rather, are due to intrinsic differences in the sex-typical organization of defensive motor patterns. Aggr. Behav. 23:197–214, 1997.© 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

催产素对不安全依恋者人际适应性的影响

催产素被誉为“爱的荷尔蒙”, 与依恋有着密切关系。以往研究已证明不同来源的催产素对不安全依恋者的人际适应性会产生不同的影响, 主要表现为内源性催产素水平越低, 不安全依恋者的人际适应性越差; 外源性催产素增强了依恋回避个体的人际适应性, 但降低了高依恋焦虑个体的人际适应性; A、G等位基因与不安全依恋者的人际适应性有关。此外还借助依恋理论和社会显著假说解释了上述影响, 不安全依恋者的防御性排斥、环境因素和个体差异调节了催产素的效应。未来应比较催产素受体基因与不安全依恋者人际适应性关系的差异, 催产素影响不安全依恋者人际适应性的性别差异问题, 并在人际互动过程中研究催产素对不安全依恋者人际适应性的影响, 以增强催产素研究的生态效度。     

认知诊断计算机化自适应测验的选题策略

随着认知诊断计算机化自适应测验(cognitive diagnostic computerized adaptive testing, CD-CAT)理论与实践的发展, 兼顾知识状态与能力的双目标CD-CAT逐渐受到重视。选题策略是CAT的核心, 通过梳理传统CD-CAT和双目标CD-CAT选题策略的研究, 并对它们的特点、关系及表现进行介绍和评析。最后, 基于认知诊断模型与CAT实践发展指出未来应加强一般化认知模型、复杂测验条件认知诊断模型下选题策略的研究; 应开发双目标诊断测验的项目和测验特征指标; 还应加强非参数选题方法和CD-CAT的实践应用研究。     

伪装情绪的人际影响及其作用机制

伪装情绪是指在情绪交互的过程中, 人们展现实际不存在的积极或消极情绪, 放大亦或是压抑原本的情绪。伪装情绪是一种策略选择的结果, 表现者所展现的情绪在当下可能并未发生, 但却能在某种程度上令人信服。目前关于伪装情绪的研究比较分散, 对于伪装情绪人际影响及其作用机制还存在着一定争议。现有文献多从博弈过程、亲社会行为情境、组织情境和领导效果四个方面对伪装情绪的人际效应进行探讨, 其中相关的机制包括情绪接受者的情感反应及“以己度人”的内心过程。未来的研究可以从情绪接受者、群体伪装、伪装情绪效价、认知神经机制以及文化等方面, 对伪装情绪展开深入系统性的研究。     

计算机动态测验中问题解决过程策略的分析：多水平混合IRT模型的拓展与应用

学生在完成计算机动态测验过程中, 会产生大量带有时间标记的过程性数据。本研究基于5个国家(地区) 3196名学生在PISA2012一道交通问题解决任务上的139990条数据, 将多水平混合IRT (MMixIRT)模型进行拓展, 用于探索问题解决过程策略的类别特点。结果表明, 该模型不仅可以基于行为序列对不同国家(地区)学生在解决问题时策略使用情况的典型特征进行分析, 还可以提供个体水平的能力估计值。拓展的MMixIRT模型可用于分析过程性数据的特征。     

Functions of the vibrissae in the defensive and aggressive behavior of the rat

Removal of mystacial vibrissae for strange rats placed in an established rat colony produced reliable decrements in defensive boxing for these animals, and corresponding increases in freezing. In a subsequent experiment, removal of the vibrissae of the attacking colony males did not change the attack behavior of the vibrissectomized animals. These results indicate that the vibrissae are involved in defensive boxing behavior, but play no essential role in the elicitation or maintenance of conspecific attack in the rat.