Rat defensive behavior: burying noxious food.

In Experiment 1, rats living in chambers containing bedding material were injected with a toxicosis-producing dose of lithium chloride shortly after their initial taste of sweetened condensed milk. They consumed no additional milk and used the bedding to bury the spout through which the milk had been delivered, although they did not bury a concurrently available water spout. In another control condition, rats did not bury a spout containing a novel solution (saccharin) not paired with toxicosis. In Experiment 2, rats did not bury a milk spout until milk consumption was followed by toxicosis. In Experiment 3, rats buried a spout containing Tabasco pepper sauce but not a concurrently available water spout. Thus, burying the food source appears to be an integral component of the rat's defensive reaction to noxious food.     

The effect of strategies and contexts on memory for movement patterns

Two experiments on memory for movement patterns examined possible motor aspects of this memory type. None of the experiments found any evidence for motor effects. The first experiment showed lower memory with induced motor strategies than with any of the other induced strategies. The second experiment demonstrated stronger context effects under retrieval than under encoding conditions. The results are discussed in terms of functional and structural conceptions of episodic short-term memory of motor information.     

HGP和中国HGP

人类基因组计划的研究取得了令人瞩目的成就,其成果主要表现在“四张图”上：遗传图谱、物理图谱、转录图谱和序列图谱。结构基因组学时代正向功能基因组学时代过渡,新时代的最终目的,是阐明基因组所表达的真正执行生命活动的全部蛋白质的表达规律和生物功能。中国面临着严峻的挑战,必须采取相应对策,吸收和借鉴国外在人类基因组计划研究中采用的最新技术和方法,并不断创新。     

The building recognition and analysis of remote sensing image based on depth belief network

The deep belief network model, which is widely used in deep learning, consists of a multi-layer constrained Boltzmann machine and a back-propagation network. The authors have conducted parameter sensitivity experiments on the number of iterations, the number of hidden layers and the number of hidden layer nodes in the DBN network for remote sensing image classification, and obtained a set of optimal parameter setting schemes. Moreover, the DBN algorithm has been enhanced with an improved Dropout strategy. The improved Dropout strategy selects only part of the data to clear the weight at a time, and a local area randomly clear strategy is adopted, which will save the local information of the image itself, and enhance the generalization ability of the model. In order to verify the advantages of the improved DBN algorithm model, the classification results of DBN, KNN, random forest and SVM have been compared. And the results show that classification accuracy of the improved DBN has been greatly improved, which is increased by about 2.5% compared to DBN. The improved DBN classification results are processed then, including connected areas marking, noise removal, morphological transformation and edge extraction, and the boundary information of the building is obtained according to the target shape characteristics. Finally, the experiment on the morphological characteristics of the building also shows it can extract better edge information of the building.     

基于Gini指数的认知诊断计算机化自适应选题策略

Gini指数可用来描述分布的不均匀性,已广泛应用于决策树算法,本文开发了基于Gini指数的认知诊断计算机化自适应选题策略,并在饱和模型和缩减模型下与SHE, MPWKL,GDI,PWKL选题策略进行比较。模拟研究表明,基于Gini指数的选题策略与SHE,MPWKL,GDI相比,分类精度相近并提高了题库的利用率;与PWKL相比,提高了分类的精度和选题速度,综合来看,基于Gini指数的选题策略能够兼顾分类精度和题库使用均匀性。     

基于干扰物特征的统计规则对注意抑制效应的影响

采用经典的额外单例范式的变式, 通过操纵基于干扰物颜色的统计规则, 考察其对注意抑制效应的影响。结果发现：(1)当迫使被试采取特征探测策略时, 与无颜色独子的条件相比, 被试在所有呈现独子的条件中反应都显著较快; (2)与呈现低概率颜色独子条件相比, 呈现高概率颜色独子条件下被试的反应显著较快。研究表明, 统计规则对注意的影响不局限于刺激位置, 基于干扰物特征的统计规则也会影响注意抑制效应的大小。     

认知诊断计算机化自适应测验中新的选题策略:结合项目区分度指标

当前国内外大部分认知诊断计算机化自适应测验(CD-CAT)主要采用PWKL作为选题策略进行研究。PWKL结合后验分布信息对KL指标进行加权,提高了判准率,但该方法仅利用个体层面信息加权,忽视了项目本身能够提供的信息,属于单源指标。本研究结合认知诊断中的项目区分度信息,对PWKL进行修正,提出了4种新的多源选题策略:GIDPWKL、AIDPWKL、CIDPWKL和KLEDPWKL方法,并在加入曝光控制下与PWKL和互信息法(MIM)进行比较。模拟研究结果表明:(1)在定长测验情景下的绝大多数实验结果表明,测验长度越短,新方法的判准率越高。平均属性/模式判准率最高的是GIDPWKL,之后是AIDPWKL,而CIDPWKL、KLEDPWKL和MIM方法的优势随实验条件不同而不同。(2)在定长测验情景下的绝大多数实验结果表明,题目质量越高,新方法的优势越明显。(3)Q矩阵结构的复杂性会影响不同选题策略的表现。(4)在变长测验情景下,4种新方法和MIM的平均测验长度均要低于PWKL方法,表现最好的是GIDPWKL方法。因此,若实际测验情景与本研究的模拟情景相似,推荐GIDPWKL方法。     

任务呈现方式、双任务反应顺序影响算术估算策略选择与执行

采用选择/无选范式,通过操纵任务呈现方式(估算题目的数字消失与否)与主次任务反应顺序(先反应算术任务或先反应字母任务),考察了双任务协调在算术策略选择与执行中的潜在作用。结果显示:(1)不同双任务呈现情境中个体的算术策略表现有明显区别。算术题目数字不消失相比消失时,个体对主、次任务的回答正确率都比较低,在策略选择上更倾向于选择较简单策略,在策略执行上准确性偏低;(2)双任务反应顺序会影响算术策略运用表现。先反应算术任务时,双任务情境只影响策略执行的准确性;而先反应字母任务时,双任务情境对策略执行的准确性和反应速度均发挥干扰作用,且估算题目的数字消失与否对策略选择准确性的影响更大,策略选择适应性之间的差异亦更加明显。上述发现对于深入理解双任务协调功能在策略运用中的作用机制具有重要意义。     

Better control with less effort: The advantage of using focused-breathing strategy over focused-distraction strategy on thought suppression

It has been suggested that unwanted thoughts usually intrude during mind wandering due to a shortage of mental resources. However, strategies for suppressing such thoughts have never been examined from a mind wandering perspective. Here, we compare the effectiveness of two types of attention distraction strategies that either redirect users’ attention to their own breathing (focused-breathing strategy, FBS) or to a mental image (focused-distraction strategy, FDS) as related to working memory capacities. Eighty-two undergraduates were randomly assigned into a FBS or FDS group. They completed a concentration task and a thought suppression task, in which mind wandering and thought intrusions were each measured. Our results support the hypothesis that mind wandering is positively correlated to thought intrusions and shows that FBS is more effective than FDS in reducing mind wandering and thought intrusions. Moreover, in contrast to FDS, the effect of FBS is independent of users’ mental resources.     

Instruction-driven processing in human perceptual learning

We conducted a series of experiments to determine the relative contribution of unsupervised versus controlled mechanisms to the intermixed-blocked effect. In Experiment 1, participants received pre-exposure instructions prompting a search for differences between stimuli, in keeping with past studies, and the intermixed-blocked effect was observed. In the remaining experiments, participants did not receive the aforementioned instructions, but instead were instructed either to simply observe the stimuli (Experiment 2) or in relation to a masking task (Experiment 3). None of the latter experiments produced an intermixed-blocked effect, suggesting that the effect found in Experiment 1 was driven by the instructions to search for differences, consistent with a controlled processing account of the effect. Moreover, we tested a prediction assuming the operation of a search strategy against one assuming the operation of a short-term habituation mechanism and found evidence more consistent with the search strategy hypothesis. We formulate a new account of the intermixed-blocked effect in humans based on an instruction-driven search and discuss how the account could explain many findings in the human literature.