Circle graphs and monadic second-order logic

This article is part of a project consisting in expressing, whenever possible, graph properties and graph transformations in monadic second-order logic or in its extensions using modulo p cardinality set predicates or auxiliary linear orders. A circle graph is the intersection graph of a set of chords of a circle. Such a set is called a chord diagram. It can also be described by a word with two occurrences of each letter, called a double occurrence word. If a circle graph is prime for the split (or join) decomposition defined by Cunnigham, it has a unique representation by a chord diagram, and this diagram can be defined by monadic second-order formulas with the even cardinality set predicate. By using the (canonical) split decomposition of a circle graph, we define in monadic second-order logic with auxiliary linear orders all its chord diagrams. This construction uses the fact that the canonical split decomposition of a graph can be constructed in monadic second-order logic with help of an arbitrary linear order. We prove that the order of first occurrences of the letters in a double occurrence word w that represents a connected circle graph determines this word in a unique way. The word w can be defined by a monadic second-order formula from the word of first occurrences of letters. We also prove that a set of circle graphs has bounded clique-width if and only if all the associated chord diagrams have bounded tree-width.     

Generalized constrained multiple correspondence analysis

A comprehensive approach for imposing both row and column constraints on multivariate discrete data is proposed that may be called generalized constrained multiple correspondence analysis (GCMCA). In this method each set of discrete data is first decomposed into several submatrices according to its row and column constraints, and then multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) is applied to the decomposed submatrices to explore relationships among them. This method subsumes existing constrained and unconstrained MCA methods as special cases and also generalizes various kinds of linearly constrained correspondence analysis methods. An example is given to illustrate the proposed method.Heungsun Hwang is now at Claes Fornell International Group. The work reported in this paper was supported by Grant A6394 from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada to the second author.     

What do graded effects of semantic transparency reveal about morphological processing?

We examined the influence of semantic transparency on morphological facilitation in English in three lexical decision experiments. Decision latencies to visual targets (e.g., CASUALNESS) were faster after semantically transparent (e.g., CASUALLY) than semantically opaque (e.g., CASUALTY) primes whether primes were auditory and presented immediately before onset of the target (Experiment 1a) or visual with an stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) of 250 ms (Experiment 1b). Latencies did not differ at an SOA of 48 ms (Experiment 2) or with a forward mask at an SOA of 83 ms (Experiment 3). Generally, effects of semantic transparency among morphological relatives were evident at long but not at short SOAs with visual targets, regardless of prime modality. Moreover, the difference in facilitation after opaque and transparent primes was graded and increased with family size of the base morpheme.     

A taxonomy of latent structure assumptions for probability matrix decomposition models

A taxonomy of latent structure assumptions (LSAs) for probability matrix decomposition (PMD) models is proposed which includes the original PMD model (Maris, De Boeck, & Van Mechelen, 1996) as well as a three-way extension of the multiple classification latent class model (Maris, 1999). It is shown that PMD models involving different LSAs are actually restricted latent class models with latent variables that depend on some external variables. For parameter estimation a combined approach is proposed that uses both a mode-finding algorithm (EM) and a sampling-based approach (Gibbs sampling). A simulation study is conducted to investigate the extent to which information criteria, specific model checks, and checks for global goodness of fit may help to specify the basic assumptions of the different PMD models. Finally, an application is described with models involving different latent structure assumptions for data on hostile behavior in frustrating situations.Note: The research reported in this paper was partially supported by the Fund for Scientific Research-Flanders (Belgium) (project G.0207.97 awarded to Paul De Boeck and Iven Van Mechelen), and the Research Fund of K.U. Leuven (F/96/6 fellowship to Andrew Gelman, OT/96/10 project awarded to Iven Van Mechelen and GOA/2000/02 awarded to Paul De Boeck and Iven Van Mechelen). We thank Marcel Croon and Kristof Vansteelandt for commenting on an earlier draft of this paper.     

部件类型还是交错关系信息的习得促进问题解决？

本研究旨在探讨知觉组块中部件类型和空间交错关系信息的学习是否促进问题解决。研究采用学习-测试范式,71名有效被试（女性25名,平均年龄=20.51±2.35岁）先学习解答组块破解问题然后进行测试。研究分别在学习和测试阶段基于组块破解任务操纵了部件类型（汉字水平vs.笔画水平）和空间交错关系（交错vs.非交错）。学习阶段,被试分别在四组中完成组块破解练习;在测试阶段完成所有四组问题。研究发现,对交错关系信息的学习与利用相对于部件类型信息促进了问题解决：在涉及交错信息的测试任务上,涉及交错信息比非交错信息的学习条件解答率更高,反应时更短;反之则不是。然而部件类型则没有发现类似的促进效应。与此同时,交错关系信息的习得需要对任务的重复操作学习：涉及交错关系信息的组块破解学习成绩在不同任务间并不随时间推移而提高,但会随重复学习次数而提高。     

Can I use TA? Should I use TA? Should I not use TA? Comparing reflexive thematic analysis and other pattern‐based qualitative analytic approaches

Thematic analysis methods, including the reflexive approach we have developed, are widely used in counselling and psychotherapy research, as are other approaches that seek to develop ‘patterns’ (themes, categories) across cases. Without a thorough grounding in the conceptual foundations of a wide variety of across‐case analytic approaches, and qualitative research more broadly—something rarely offered in counselling training—it can be difficult to understand how these differ, where they overlap, and which might be appropriate for a particular research project. Our aim in this paper is to support researchers in counselling and psychotherapy to select an appropriate across‐case approach for their research, and to justify their choice, by discussing conceptual and procedural differences and similarities between reflexive thematic analysis (TA) and four other across‐case approaches. Three of these are also widely used in counselling and psychotherapy research—qualitative content analysis, interpretative phenomenological analysis and grounded theory. The fourth—discourse analysis—is less widely used but importantly exemplifies the critical qualitative research tradition. We contextualise our comparative approach by highlighting the diversity within TA. TA is best thought of as a spectrum of methods—from types that prioritise coding accuracy and reliability to reflexive approaches like ours that emphasise the inescapable subjectivity of data interpretation. Although reflexive TA provides the point of comparison for our discussion of other across‐case approaches, our aim is not to promote reflexive TA as ‘best’. Rather, we encourage the knowing selection and use of analytic methods and methodologies in counselling and psychotherapy research.     

离散还是连续?——语义信息加工性质的实验研究

通过两个行为实验,采用句子核证作业,将SAD技术和普通反应时实验有机地结合起来,对语义信息加工的性质进行了详细的考察。实验一采用普通反应时实验,探讨了语义信息加工机制的性质,结果表明,在熟悉度、语义距离和快慢反应时之间存在复杂的交互作用,说明在语义信息加工中存在两种不同性质的加工机制,熟悉性是影响这两种不同性质加工机制的因素。实验二采用SAD技术,研究熟悉性对语义信息加工性质的影响。结果表明,在高熟悉句中的部分信息积累具有离散的趋势;而低熟悉句中的部分信息积累则是连续的,进一步证明了两种性质加工机制的存在。结论认为：语义信息加工中存在着两种性质的加工：离散性加工机制和连续性加工机制,熟悉性是影响二者关系的一个重要因素。     

Is Milkman a superhero like Batman? Constituent morphological priming in compound words

In the present study, we examined morphological decomposition of Basque compound words in a series of masked priming lexical decision experiments. In Experiment 1, Basque compound words could be briefly preceded by other compounds that shared either the first or second constituent, or by unrelated noncompound words. Results showed a significant priming effect for words that shared a constituent, independently of its position. In Experiment 2, compound words were preceded by other compound words that shared one of their constituents, but in a different lexeme position (e.g., the first constituent of the compound that acted as a prime was the second constituent of the compound that acted as a target). Results again showed a constituent priming effect (i.e., location in the string is not necessary for priming to occur). In Experiment 3, we demonstrated that these priming effects were not due to mere form overlap: pairs of noncompound words that shared either the beginning or the ending chunk did not produce a priming effect. Taken together, the present results converge with previous data on orthographic/morphological priming and provide evidence favouring early morphological decomposition.     

Observations of copper clustering in a 25Cr-7Ni super duplex stainless steel during low-temperature aging under load

Atom-probe tomography was used to investigate phase separation and copper (Cu) clustering in the ferrite phase of a 25Cr-7Ni super duplex stainless steel. The steel was subjected to a tensile load during aging at 325°C for 5800?h. The degree of phase separation into α (Fe-rich) and α′ (Cr-rich) was small, but still, it was the highest in the steel subjected to the highest load. Cu was found to cluster, and the number density of clusters increased with increasing load. In the material subjected to the highest load, Cu was enriched in regions that were neither Fe-rich nor Cr-rich. These regions also had the highest number density of Cu clusters.     

Neural correlates of the effects of morphological family frequency and family size: an MEG study

Schreuder and Baayen (Schreuder. R., & Baayen, R. H. (1997). How complex simplex words can be. Journal of Memory and Language 37, 118-139) report that lexical decision times to nouns are not sensitive to the cumulative frequency of the noun's morphological derivatives in its "morphological family", even though such a cumulative frequency effect is obtained in the domain of inflection. Under a decomposition view of derivational morphology, this constitutes a puzzling exception to the robust finding that lexical frequency is one of the major determinants of behavioral response latencies. If morphologically complex words are decomposed, each occurrence of a member of a noun's morphological family should add to its root-frequency. We investigated the effects of morphological family frequency on the magnetoencephalographic response component M350, which shows sensitivity to factors affecting early stages of lexical processing, including lexical frequency. We hypothesized that high morphological family frequency should have a facilitory effect on the M350, even though no such effect can be seen in response time, presumably due to competition among possible root-affix combinations. Contrary to this hypothesis, we found that high family frequency elicits an M350 inhibition, suggesting that competition among morphological family members occurs at the M350. The result is significant, since there is evidence that competition among phonologically similar words occurs after, not at, the M350. Thus, our results suggest that competition within a morphological family precedes competition within a phonological similarity neighborhood.