药物成瘾者决策缺陷的特征、机制及干预

药物成瘾者存在决策缺陷, 并表现出冲动性、风险寻求、奖赏失调、躯体内感信号缺失等特征。神经影像学研究表明药物滥用导致成瘾者背外侧前额皮层、前扣带回、眶额叶皮层、腹内侧前额皮层、杏仁核、脑岛等脑区受损, 这些损伤是引发其决策缺陷的主要原因。认知训练有利于提高个体的决策能力, 如目标管理训练和正念冥想等可以增强个体工作记忆、促进自我觉察和以目标为导向的行为; 而非侵入性脑刺激则可以直接改变与成瘾者决策相关脑区的激活状态, 从而提升与决策相关的认知功能。总体而言, 未来认知训练和非侵入性脑刺激在成瘾干预方面仍有广阔的拓展空间。     

线索提示对放射医学决策的影响：来自眼动的证据

为了探讨知识经验与他人的影响在放射科医生做决策时哪一因素的作用更大,本研究采用SMI250眼动记录仪,记录专家和新手放射科医生检测胸部X光片的眼睛注视过程。结果发现：（1）专家和新手在无线索提示下的漏报率多于有线索提示,专家在有无线索提示下的漏报率的差值小于新手。（2）专家在有线索提示下的隐蔽位置小结节的漏报率低于无线索提示,新手在有线索提示下的所有类型结节的漏报率均低于无线索提示。（3）专家和新手在有线索提示下的敏感性高于无线索提示。（4）有线索提示下,专家与新手的注视次数和总注视时间增多。这表明放射科医生做决策时,其知识经验与他人的影响共同起作用。他人影响对新手来说作用更大。     

Examining the Effects of Exercise on Pattern Separation and the Moderating Effects of Mood Symptoms

Aerobic exercise has broad cognitive benefits. One target of interest is enhanced memory. The present study explored pattern separation as a specific memory process that could be sensitive to acute and regular exercise and clinically significant for disorders (e.g., depression) characterized by cognitive-affective deficits and hippocampal impairment. In a within-subjects design, participants (N = 69) attended two visits during which they repeated a behavioral pattern separation task at rest and after an activity (cycling, stretching). Regular exercise habits, demographics, mood and anxiety symptoms, and recognition memory capacity were also measured. More regular exercise predicted better resting pattern separation, t(62) = 2.13, b = 1.74, p = .037. Age moderated this effect, t(61) = 2.35, b = .25, p = .02; exercise most strongly predicted performance among middle-age participants. There was no main effect of activity condition on post-activity performance, t(61) = .67, p = .51. However, with significant heterogeneity in reported mood symptoms and regular exercise habits, there was a three-way interaction between condition, regular exercise, and depression, t(55) = 2.08, b = .22, p = .04. Relative to stretching, cycling appears to have enhanced the benefit of regular exercise for pattern separation performance; however, this was evident among participants with mild to no symptoms of depression, but absent among participants with moderate to severe symptoms. Results have implications for how exercise might protect against declines in pattern separation. Future research should explore exercise’s potential as a prevention tool or early intervention for pattern separation and related clinical outcomes.     

Anxious attachment as an antecedent of people's aversion towards pattern deviancy

Research suggests that people's aversion towards pattern deviancy—distortions of repeated forms or models—contributes to social phenomena, such as prejudice. Yet, the factors motivating pattern deviancy aversion remain unclear. Potentially, anxious attachment, as it entails hypervigilant detection of and reactivity to social inconsistency and unreliability, heightens pattern deviancy aversion. In Studies 1 (N = 137) and 2 (N = 102), anxious but not avoidant attachment predicted aversion towards broken patterns of geometric shapes. In Studies 3 (N = 310) and 4 (N = 470), experimentally inducing anxious versus avoidant and secure attachment (Study 3), and versus a neutral prime (Study 4), heightened pattern deviancy aversion. Controlling for participants’ aversion towards unbroken patterns, novel objects, and negative stimuli did not change these results. Our findings demonstrate that anxious attachment is one antecedent of pattern deviancy aversion, and suggest that pattern deviancy aversion may underlie links between anxious attachment and certain social phenomena.     

个性心理因素与非理性金融行为研究

采用问卷法对个性心理因素中的人格、决策模式与非理性金融行为的关系进行了研究。研究结果表明：人格、决策模式对非理性金融行为有显著影响,不同人格类型、不同决策模式的个体的非理性金融行为差异显著。研究发现,人格、决策模式对各类非理性金融行为以及各类非理性金融行为总和的预测力皆达显著,并且对不同的非理性金融行为有不同预测力;理智型、即时型、依赖型的决策模式与感觉-直觉人格维度对非理性金融行为总和的预测力显著。     

从博弈游戏看儿童经济决策行为的发展

国外有研究借助最后通谍（UG）和独裁者博弈（DG）探查了儿童的决策行为,他们发现,随着儿童年龄的增长,他们分配给对方的金额呈上升趋势,即公平和分享行为随年龄增加。儿童的经济决策行为和社会化不可避免要受文化影响。研究探查了中国文化下小学三、六年级、初二、大学一年级四个年龄组学生在最后通谍（UG）和独裁者博弈（DG）中的经济决策行为发展。研究同时比较了个体决策和群体决策的差异。结果发现：儿童在两个博弈中的提议金额都显示出公平和分享行为,随着儿童年龄的增长,儿童在UG和随后进行的DG中的提议分配金额呈减少趋势。这个发现与以往国外研究结果明显不同。两个博弈的顺序对UG没有影响,但对DG有影响;儿童的个体决策和群体决策结果没有显示显著差异     

冠状动脉慢性闭塞病变的治疗决策

虽然越来越多的冠状动脉慢性闭塞病变正在采用经皮冠状动脉介入治疗,但其临床疗效是否能够与冠状动脉旁路移植术相媲美,目前尚不能妄下结论。经皮冠状动脉介入治疗和冠状动脉旁路移植术在冠状动脉慢性闭塞病变的治疗中各有其最佳适应证,相互之间是不可替代、但可以互补的。而且联合治疗、杂交技术和微创治疗是其未来发展方向。     

腹腔肿块外科处理的临床决策

临床经常会面对诊断、来源、性质不清的腹腔内肿块。腹腔内肿块是临床常见的病症之一,大多需要外科手术。如何合理应对、妥善处置、科学决策是临床医师对本病诊治的要求和不懈追求。诊断的过程中,依靠详尽的病史、细致的体格检查、恰当的辅助检查,并进行综合的分析以及逻辑思维,做出正确的鉴别和诊断,以解决是否为腹腔内肿块;而后,尽快确定肿块的部位及性质,确定处理的方法和原则,制订详尽的手术方案和步骤。     

对子宫肌瘤患者从医心理及治疗决策的思考

子宫肌瘤是妇科最常见的良性肿瘤,发病率高、恶变率低,目前治疗方法较多,但各有利弊;众多子宫肌瘤患者从医心理复杂,甚至难以配合治疗,医生应针对不同部位、大小、症状的肌瘤及患者的不同年龄、生育需求和心理状态,制定出个体化、人性化治疗方案,以期取得患者机体和心理均满意的和谐疗效。     

乳腺癌的现代与传统治疗模式的比较分析与思考

乳腺癌是女性最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,现代治疗模式已经广泛应用于临床。近年来,随着循证医学和基因相关技术及生物信息技术的不断发展,乳腺癌治疗方法得到不断改进,但远没有达到系统化、个体化、最优化的治疗目的。因此,现有的治疗模式值得我们去深思,并从哲学意义上探索更为完善的治疗模式。