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241.
Horowitz A 《Animal cognition》2009,12(1):107-118
The social cognitive capacities of dogs, including their communication skills and use of visual attention cues, have recently
been investigated in numerous experimental studies. This paper reports on research of domestic dog behavior in a natural setting,
which shows sensitivity to the visual attention of their partners when engaged in dyadic rough-and-tumble play. The sequential
behaviors and head-direction of both dogs were noted throughout the bouts. The behaviors were differentially used according
to the partner’s posture. Play signals were sent nearly exclusively to forward-facing conspecifics; attention-getting behaviors
were used most often when a playmate was facing away, and before signaling an interest to play. In addition, the mode of attention-getter
matched the degree of inattentiveness of the playmate: stronger attention-getters were used when a playmate was looking away
or distracted, less forceful ones when the partner was facing forward or laterally. In other words, these dogs showed attention
to, and acted to manipulate, a feature of other dogs that mediates their ability to respond: which feature in human interaction
is called “attention”.
相似文献
Alexandra HorowitzEmail: |
242.
读者的元理解监测为什么不精确? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
精确的元理解监测对随后的元理解控制和阅读理解有重要作用,但是,通常情况下,读者的元理解监测并不精确。回顾20余年的元理解监测研究,发现元理解监测的精确性主要受制于阅读材料特征、监测线索与标准测验特征等因素。未来研究应注意元理解监测的判断形式、监测线索及评价标准对元理解监测精确性的交互关联影响。 相似文献
243.
视觉线索诱发的香烟渴求感研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本研究考察了90名男性青年志愿者(30名不吸烟者,60名香烟成瘾者被随机分成两组:被剥夺组和即时满足组,每组30名)在不同视觉线索刺激下诱发的心理渴求程度,以及喜欢和厌恶两种情绪的感受程度.视觉线索刺激为90张彩色图片,分为吸烟线索刺激图片(60张,包括与吸烟高度相关的图片和中度相关的图片,每类30张,和控制线索图片(30张,亦称与吸烟低度相关的图片),用计算机随机呈现给被试,每张图片呈现4秒钟,每呈现完一张图片,就让被试对该图片所诱发的香烟渴求程度,以及喜欢和厌恶感受进行评价.结果发现:(1)视觉线索能诱发香烟成瘾者对吸烟的渴求,并且诱发的渴求程度和剥夺状态有关,表现为被剥夺的香烟成瘾者的渴求程度高于即时满足的香烟成瘾者;(2)视觉线索与吸烟行为的相关程度越高,所诱发香烟成瘾者的心理渴求程度越强;(3)对香烟成瘾者来说,刺激图片对香烟渴求的诱发程度越高,引发的喜欢情绪越强,厌恶情绪越弱. 相似文献
244.
245.
使用联接和离散的线索呈现方式比较了注意的易化效应和返回抑制的效果。实验一同时线索化3个外周位置,实验二同时线索化5个外周位置。结果表明:(1)在同时线索化3个位置的情境下,联接和离散这两种线索化方式均能产生返回抑制;(2)在同时线索化5个位置的情境下,联接条件仍能产生抑制效应,而离散条件没有产生。结果说明联接的方式让多个位置的线索被理解为一个线索,提示注意有“沿着物体弥散”的性质。 相似文献
246.
学习不良儿童的元认知偏差:内部线索的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
通过改变实验材料内部线索,旨在考察内部线索在学习不良儿童元认知偏差形成过程中的影响。实验1发现,学习不良儿童低关联字对的元认知偏差显著高于一般儿童,关联强度对学习判断的影响显著小于对测试成绩的影响;实验2发现,学习不良儿童反向方向字对的元认知偏差显著高于一般儿童,关联方向对学习判断的影响显著小于对测试成绩的影响。综合以上研究发现,相对一般儿童,学习不良儿童存在更大的元认知偏差,内部线索对学习判断和测试成绩的影响不一致模式适用于两组儿童。 相似文献
247.
The findings of numerous preferential-reaching studies suggest that infants first respond to pictorial depth cues between 5 and 7 months of age. However, three recent preferential-reaching studies have found evidence of responsiveness to pictorial depth cues in 5-month-olds. We investigated these apparently contradictory results by conducting meta-analyses of the data from 5-month-olds who participated in preferential-reaching studies. The data from 16 samples, comprising 475 infants 5–5.5 months of age, were integrated. The results showed that the infants responded more consistently to depth relationships specified by pictorial cues under monocular than under binocular viewing conditions (p < .001), indicating that 5-month-old infants respond to pictorial depth cues. This effect remained significant (p < .001) when the individual experiments that had found significant results were omitted from the analysis. Although the majority of experiments were unable to find evidence of pictorial depth perception individually, this ability was clearly revealed when their results were combined. 相似文献
248.
When given the opportunity, liars will embed their lies into otherwise truthful statements. In what way this embedding affects the quality of lies, however, remains largely unknown. This study investigated whether lies that are embedded into truthful stories are richer in detail and contain higher quality details compared to lies that are part of entirely fabricated statements. Participants (N = 111) were asked to provide a statement that was either entirely truthful, entirely fabricated, or had the fabricated element of interest embedded into an otherwise truthful story. Results indicated that lies embedded in a fabricated statement are not qualitatively different from lies embedded in an otherwise truthful statement. Supporting Bayes factors provided moderate to strong evidence for this conclusion. Accordingly, verbal credibility assessment tools based on the verbal content measured in this study may be robust against the embedding of lies. 相似文献
249.
Detecting lies is crucial in numerous contexts, including situations in which individuals do not interact in their native language. Previous research suggests that individuals are perceived as less credible when they communicate in a nonnative compared with native language. The current study was the first to test this effect in truthful and fabricated messages written by native and nonnative English speakers. One hundred native English speakers judged the veracity of these messages, and overall, they proved less likely to believe and to correctly classify nonnative speakers' messages; differences in verbal cues between native and nonnative speakers' messages partly explained the differences in the judgments. Given the increased use of nonnative languages in a globalized world, the discrimination against nonnative speakers in veracity judgments is problematic. Further research should more thoroughly investigate the role of verbal cues in written and spoken nonnative language to enable the development of effective interventions. 相似文献
250.
Aldert Vrij Sharon Leal Haneen Deeb Stephanie Chan Majeed Khader Whistine Chai Jeffery Chin 《Applied cognitive psychology》2020,34(1):241-255
Due to time constraints, interviews aimed to detect deception in airport settings should be brief and veracity assessments should be made in real time. In two experiments carried out in the departure hall of an international airport, truth tellers were asked to report truthfully their forthcoming trip, whereas liars were asked to lie about the purpose of their trip. In Experiment 1, we examined five verbal cues that we thought had potential to discriminate truth tellers from liars in short airport interviews: elaboration in disclosing information, checkable details, how many people are aware of the trip, complications, and plausibility. In Experiment 2, we attempted to improve the interview protocol by adding a second interview phase in which we introduced an information protocol and model statement. All five cues differentiated truth tellers from liars in both experiments, but the information protocol and model statement did not enhance these differences. 相似文献