关于身材矮小儿童诊断的思考

儿童期身材矮小是由于多种原因引起的。由于部分身材矮小儿童除矮小外,常无其他明显异常,临床上多不能及时就诊,或虽然因为身材矮小就诊,但由于医生对身材矮小的认识不足,易导致误治或漏诊。因此,提高身材矮小儿童的就诊率,尽快明确病因诊断,合理选择药物,正确选择治疗时机,均给儿科医生的哲学思维提出了很高的要求。因此,作为医生不仅要注意积累自己的专业知识,还要努力提高自己的哲学修养。     

气质特征对学龄前儿童牙科治疗行为的影响

为探索气质特征对学龄前儿童牙科治疗行为的影响,本研究采用《中国学龄前儿童气质量表(CPTS)》测查了218名3~7岁首次接受牙科治疗儿童的气质特征,同时用Frankl Behavior Rating Scale(FBRS)对其牙科治疗行为进行评估。结果显示:适应性、趋避性及心境三个气质维度得分高的儿童出现牙科治疗行为问题几率大,其中适应性与牙科治疗行为问题相关性最大,气质类型为麻烦型、发动缓慢型儿童易出现牙科治疗行为问题,男孩较女孩更容易出现牙科治疗行为问题。本研究结果为临床儿童牙科医生如何应对有牙科治疗行为问题的儿童提供了理论依据,对如何进行牙科行为管理有一定的临床指导价值。     

Providing Practicing Teachers Classroom Management Professional Development in a Brief Self-Study Format

This study examined the impact of a time efficient self-study method for providing practicing teachers with job-embedded professional development targeting specific classroom management skills. The training method employed print packets and videotapes that provided models of effective classroom management strategies for instruction-giving, praise, and time out. Participants were three master’s level speech therapists certified to teach speech and language delayed preschool children. The training materials were evaluated through observations of the teachers’ implementation of targeted practices in a multiple baseline across participants. Results indicated increases in all participants use of the management skills after training. The results suggest that this type of training method may help teachers increase their use of effective classroom management procedures. It is potentially noteworthy that the training program examined herein was largely teacher managed and was quite brief. Future directions and limitations of the study are discussed.Natalie J. Slider is now at Brownsburg Community School Corporation.     

Children's coping with peer rejection: the role of depressive symptoms,social competence,and gender

The present study investigated children's anticipated emotional response and anticipated coping in response to peer rejection, as well as the qualifying effects of gender, depressive symptoms, and perceived social competence. Participants (N = 234), ranging in age between 10 and 13 years, were presented with two written vignettes depicting peer rejection. The most highly endorsed coping strategies were behavioural distraction, problem‐focused behaviour, and positive reappraisal. Results indicate that children higher in depressive symptoms reported a more negative anticipated mood impact. Moreover, children higher in depressive symptoms were less inclined to endorse behavioural and cognitive coping strategies typically associated with mood improvement (e.g., behavioural distraction, positive reappraisal). Independent of depression, children scoring higher on perceived social competence reported more active, problem‐oriented coping behaviour in response to the stressors. Types of coping were largely unaffected by gender, however girls reported higher levels of anticipated sadness than boys in response to the rejection vignettes. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Maternal beliefs concerning young children's private speech

The goal of this study was to understand maternal reports, beliefs, and attitudes about their young children's use of private speech. Mothers of 48 children between the ages of 3 and 5 participated in a semi‐structured interview in which they reported on the frequency and context of their child's use of private speech, maternal responses toward such speech use in children, and beliefs about the utility of such speech for children. Interviews were transcribed and responses coded. Mothers also completed surveys on children's self control and parenting style. Results indicated that practically all parents reported that their child engaged in private speech and that such speech was more likely to appear during fantasy play than during problem‐solving activities. Parents varied in their personal responses to children's self talk and, as a group, do not appear to actively discourage or encourage its use. Ignoring/allowing child private speech use was common and this response was positively associated with authoritative parenting. Parental reports of the frequency with which their child talks to himself were negatively associated with parental reports of children's self‐control. Crib speech, or bedtime monologue, was reported to be very common and was negatively associated with children's self‐control and positively associated with children's private speech use. Parents were uniformly positive in their belief that private speech serves important functions and that it helps young children during task activities. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

城市父亲参与儿童教养的特点及其与性别角色的关系

以400名3到7岁城市儿童的父亲为被试,考察父亲参与教养的基本特点及其与性别角色的关系.结果发现,小学一年级儿童的父亲对子女的规则约束显著多于幼儿园小班和中班儿童父亲,父亲参与教养水平不存在儿童性别的显著差异.双性化的父亲对儿童的互动监督、规则约束、情感表达、间接支持、学业鼓励均显著多于其他性别角色的父亲;男性化的父亲对儿童的规则约束显著多于女性化的父亲;女性化的父亲在互动监督、情感表达、间接支持和学业鼓励方面均显著多于未分化的父亲.     

儿童心理状态推理中的观点偏差

采用知识状态推理和冲突愿望推理任务考察儿童对知识状态和愿望状态推理的偏差。被试为108名3~5岁的儿童,结果表明在知识状态推理任务中,儿童对别人知识状态的推理会受到自己知识状态的影响,表现出自我中心的特点;而在冲突愿望推理任务中,与自己喜欢的情况相比,较小年龄的儿童在自己不喜欢的条件下更容易正确推理别人的愿望,表现出不对称性。因此儿童在对心理状态进行推理时具体表现出什么样的特点具有情境依赖性     

The Stability of Self-Reported Physical Symptoms in African American Mothers and Their Impact on Children

Self-reported physical symptoms are an important marker of health and well-being, particularly among African American women. The stability of African American women’s physical symptoms or the impact of their symptoms on their children, however, has yet to be examined. This longitudinal study examined the stability of maternal self-reported physical symptoms, as well as their role in shaping child-reported physical symptoms, among 137 low-income African American families. Findings revealed that mothers’ self-reported physical symptoms were stable over 2.5 years. Mothers who reported higher levels of physical symptoms were more likely to have children who concurrently reported higher levels of symptoms. Physical symptoms reported by mothers at the first assessment also predicted child-reported physical symptoms 2.5 years later, but only for boys. Physical symptoms appear to be an important, yet understudied, symptom domain that may have significant implications for the health and well-being of African American families.     

外来务工人员子女人格特征的研究

本研究采用卡特尔十四种人格问卷对351名外来务工人员子女和本地儿童进行了调查,结果表明,外来务工人员子女的人格在诸多因子上与本地儿童有显著差异。     

4～7岁儿童对人的目的指向行为的归因研究

该研究根据人的三种基本生物需要(吃、喝、睡)设计动画故事脚本,通过计算机呈现的方式,探查4~7岁儿童对人的生物需要目的指向行为的归因。结果表明:(1)学前儿童能够对人的生物需要目的指向行为进行非意图的生物学解释,4岁至5岁是一个快速发展期;(2)学前儿童对人的生物需要行为的理解表现出不一致性,其“睡”和“吃”受社会因素影响较大,“喝水”表现为一种纯粹的生物需要(3)学前儿童对人的生物需要行为的满足与否能够采取灵活的多因果解释模式。