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671.
Robert S. Schulman 《Psychometrika》1979,44(1):3-20
To date, virtually all techniques appropriate for ordinal data are based on the uniform probability distribution over the permutations. In this paper we introduce and examine an alternative probability model for the distribution of ordinal data. Preliminary to deriving the expectations of Spearman's rho and Kendall's tau under this model, we show how to compute certain conditional expectations of rho and tau under the uniform distribution. The alternative probability model is then applied to ordinal test theory, and the calculation of true scores and test reliability are discussed. 相似文献
672.
Robert C. MacCallum 《Psychometrika》1979,44(1):69-74
A Monte Carlo study was carried out in order to investigate the ability of ALSCAL to recover true structure inherent in simulated proximity measures when portions of the data are missing. All sets of simulated proximity measures were based on 30 stimuli and three dimensions, and selection of missing elements was done randomly. Properties of the simulated data varied according to (a) the number of individuals, (b) the level of random error, (c) the proportion of missing data, and (d) whether the same entries or different entries were deleted for each individual. Results showed that very accurate recovery of true distances, stimulus coordinates, and weight vectors could be achieved with as much as 60% missing data as long as sample size was sufficiently large and the level of random error was low. 相似文献
673.
674.
A method is discussed which extends principal components analysis to the situation where the variables may be measured at a variety of scale levels (nominal, ordinal or interval), and where they may be either continuous or discrete. There are no restrictions on the mix of measurement characteristics and there may be any pattern of missing observations. The method scales the observations on each variable within the restrictions imposed by the variable's measurement characteristics, so that the deviation from the principal components model for a specified number of components is minimized in the least squares sense. An alternating least squares algorithm is discussed. An illustrative example is given.Copies of this paper and of the associated PRINCIPALS program may be obtained by writing to Forrest W. Young, Psychometric Laboratory, Davie Hall 013-A, Chapel Hill, NC 27514. 相似文献
675.
Changes in dichotomous data caused by treatments can be analyzed by means of the so-called linear logistic model with relaxed
assumptions (LLRA). The LLRA does not require observable criteria representing a single underlying latent trait, but it postulates
the generalizability of the treatment effects over criteria and subjects. To test this latter crucial assumption, the mixture
LLRA was proposed that allows directly unobservable types of subjects to have different treatment effects. As the earlier
methods for estimating the parameters of the mixture LLRA have specific drawbacks, a further method based on the conditional
maximum likelihood principle will be presented here. In contrast to the earlier conditional methods, it uses all of the dichotomous
change data while having fewer parameters. Further, its goodness-of-fit tests become more sensitive to a falsely specified
number of change-types even though the treatment effects are biased. For typically occurring small to moderate sample sizes,
however, parametric bootstrapping of the distributions of the fit statistics is recommended for performing hypotheses tests.
Finally, three applications of the new method to empirical data are described: first, about the effect of the so-called Trager
psychophysical integration, second, about the effect of autogenic therapy on patients with psychosomatic symptoms, and, third,
about the effect of religious education on the attitude towards sects.
The mixture LLRA is implemented in the menu-driven program MIXLLRA which can be obtained from Ivo Ponocny via e-mail (ivo.ponocny@univie.ac.at). 相似文献
676.
ANDERS ZACHRISSON HENRIK DAAE ZACHRISSON 《The International journal of psycho-analysis》2005,86(5):1353-1371
The authors discuss criteria for the validation of psychoanalytic theories and develop a heuristic and normative model of the references needed for this. Their core question in this paper is: can psychoanalytic theories be validated exclusively from within psychoanalytic theory (internal validation), or are references to sources of knowledge other than psychoanalysis also necessary (external validation)? They discuss aspects of the classic truth criteria correspondence and coherence, both from the point of view of contemporary psychoanalysis and of contemporary philosophy of science. The authors present arguments for both external and internal validation. Internal validation has to deal with the problems of subjectivity of observations and circularity of reasoning, external validation with the problem of relevance. They recommend a critical attitude towards psychoanalytic theories, which, by carefully scrutinizing weak points and invalidating observations in the theories, reduces the risk of wishful thinking. The authors conclude by sketching a heuristic model of validation. This model combines correspondence and coherence with internal and external validation into a four‐leaf model for references for the process of validating psychoanalytic theories. 相似文献
677.
678.
A comparison of normative data for the Trail Making Test from several countries: equivalence of norms and considerations for interpretation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The Trail Making Test may not be equivalent across cultures, i.e., differences in the scores across different cultures may not reveal real differences in the ability of the subjects on the construct being measured. In order to assess this hypothesis, normative samples from ten different countries were compared. Age decade subgroups across samples were ranked based on mean time taken to complete each part of the task. Large Z scores differences were found between these samples when comparing the first with the second, and the last in the rank. These differences were significant even when age and education were comparable across samples. Following Van de Vijver & Tanzer (1997), several possible sources of bias were identified. Incomparability of samples and administration differences were the most likely factors accounting for differences. Because of the lack of validity studies in the countries considered, no firm conclusions could be obtained regarding construct bias. Although the TMT may be measuring visual scanning, psychomotor speed and mental flexibility, normative data from different countries and cultures are not equivalent which might lead to serious diagnostic errors. 相似文献
679.
Recent advances in data recording technology have given researchers new ways of collecting on-line and continuous data for
analyzing input-output systems. For example, continuous response digital interfaces are increasingly used in psychophysics.
The statistical problem related to these input-output systems reduces to linking time-varying covariates to a continuous response
variate. Using real-time data obtained from an experiment in psychoacoustics, we showcase new statistical tools that incorporate
dynamical elements of an input-output system. We employ functional data analysis (FDA) methods and a simple differential equation
to analyze and model the continuous responses. Furthermore, we outline the issues involved in analyzing input-output systems
when the exact form of the underlying mathematical model is not known. Finally, we develop a calibration method to facilitate
inter-subject and intra-subject comparisons.
This work was supported by grants from the National Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) to J. O. Ramsay and
to D. J. Levitin, and by a grant from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC) to D. J. Levitin.
We would like to thank Bennett Smith for designing and implementing the software used to conduct the pitch tracking experiment.
Also, we wish to thank the research assistants in the Levitin Laboratory involved in the data collection: Catherine Chapados,
Andrew Schaaf and Carla Himmelman. We would also like to acknowledge Giles Hooker’s work on implementing the generalized profiling
software used within this paper. 相似文献
680.
The CHIC Model: A Global Model for Coupled Binary Data 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Often problems result in the collection of coupled data, which consist of different N-way N-mode data blocks that have one or more modes in common. To reveal the structure underlying such data, an integrated modeling
strategy, with a single set of parameters for the common mode(s), that is estimated based on the information in all data blocks,
may be most appropriate. Such a strategy implies a global model, consisting of different N-way N-mode submodels, and a global loss function that is a (weighted) sum of the partial loss functions associated with the different
submodels. In this paper, such a global model for an integrated analysis of a three-way three-mode binary data array and a
two-way two-mode binary data matrix that have one mode in common is presented. A simulated annealing algorithm to estimate
the model parameters is described and evaluated in a simulation study. An application of the model to real psychological data
is discussed.
T. Wilderjans is a Research Assistant of the Fund for Scientific Research—Flanders (Belgium). The research reported in this
paper was partially supported by the Research Council of K.U. Leuven (GOA/2005/04). We are grateful to Kristof Vansteelandt
for providing us with an interesting data set. We also thank three anonymous reviewers for their useful comments. 相似文献