Are criminals better lie detectors? Investigating offenders' abilities in the context of deception detection

The present research examined lie detection abilities of a rarely investigated group, namely offenders. Results of the studies conducted thus far indicated a better performance of offenders compared to non‐offenders when discriminating between true and false messages. With two new studies, we aimed at replicating offenders' superior abilities in the context of deception detection. Results of Study 1 (N = 76 males), in contrast, revealed that offenders were significantly worse at accurately classifying true and false messages compared to non‐offenders (students). Results of Study 2 (N = 175 males) revealed that offenders' discrimination performance was not significantly different compared to non‐offenders (clinic staff). An internal meta‐analysis yielded no significant difference between offenders and non‐offenders, questioning the generalizability of previous findings.     

The impact of a dedicated lane for connected and automated vehicles on the behaviour of drivers of manual vehicles

Connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) are expected to enhance traffic efficiency by driving at shorter time headways, and traffic safety by shorter reaction times. However, one of the main concerns regarding their deployment is the mixed traffic situation, in which CAVs and manually driven vehicles (MVs) share the same road.This study investigates the behavioural adaptation of MV drivers in car-following and lane changing behaviour when they drive next to a dedicated lane (DL) for CAVs and compares that to a mixed traffic situation. The expectation is that in a mixed traffic situation, the behavioural adaptation of MV drivers is negligible due to lower exposure time and scarce platoons, while concentrating the CAVs on one dedicated lane may cause significant behavioural adaptation of MV drivers due to a higher exposure time and conspicuity of CAV platoons.Fifty-one participants were asked to drive an MV on a 3-lane motorway in three different traffic scenarios, in a fixed-base driving simulator: (1) Base, only MVs were present in traffic, (2) Mixed, platoons of 2–3 CAVs driving on any lane and mixed with MVs, (3) DL, platoons of 2–3 CAVs driving only on a DL. The DL was recognizable by road signs and a buffer demarcation which separated the DL from the other lanes. A moderate penetration rate of 43% was assumed for CAVs.During the drives, the car following headways and the accepted merging gaps by participants were collected and used for comparisons of driving behaviour in different scenarios.Based on the results, we conclude that there is no significant difference in the driving behaviour between Base and Mixed scenarios at tested penetration rate, confirming our research expectation. However, in DL scenario, MV drivers drove closer to their leaders specially when driving on the middle lane next to the platoons and accepted shorter gaps (up to 12.7% shorter at on-ramps) in lane changing manoeuvres. Dedicating a lane to CAVs increases the density of CAV platoons on one lane and consequently their conspicuity becomes higher. As a result, MV drivers are influenced by CAV platoons on a DL and imitate their behaviour.The literature suggests that dedicating a lane to CAVs improves the traffic efficiency by providing more possibilities for platooning. This study shows that implementing such a solution will affect the driving behaviour of human drivers. This should be taken into consideration when evaluating the impacts of dedicated lanes on traffic efficiency and traffic safety.     

Deux cadres méthodo-épistémologiques du testing structurant la construction et l’adaptation de tests,références incontournables mais,hélas,largement ignorées. Illustration à partir de cinq revues françaises de psychologie

The purpose of this article is to present two current methodo-epistemological frameworks for test and testing procedures, namely the Standards for Education and Psychological Testing (AERA, APA, NCME, 2014), and the ITC Guidelines for Translating and Adapting Tests (2017). These two frameworks were designed to serve as “universal” references shaping the construction and adaptation of psychological tests and scales. However, a review of articles published in five French journals shows that these two frameworks are largely ignored. Their dissemination could improve good practices in construction and cross-cultural adaptation of psychological tests and scales.     

Multi-day Adaptation and Savings in Manual and Locomotor Tasks

Using an individual differences approach, we evaluated whether manual and locomotor adaptation are associated in terms of adaptation and savings across days, and whether they rely on shared underlying mechanisms involving visuospatial working memory or visual field dependence. Participants performed a manual and a locomotor adaptation task during 4 separate test sessions over a 3-month period. Reliable adaptation and savings were observed for both tasks. It was further found that higher visuospatial working memory performance and lower visual field dependence scores were associated with faster learning in the manual and locomotor tasks, respectively. Moreover, adaptation rates were correlated between the 2 tasks in the final test session, suggesting that people may gradually be learning something generalizable about the adaptation process.     

Spirituality as a Resiliency Quality in Xhosa-speaking Families in South Africa

The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore spirituality as a characteristic of family resilience in Xhosa-speaking families in South Africa. A parent, and in some cases an adolescent, represented each of the 51 families that participated. Participants were expected to respond to three open-ended questions regarding their family and identify factors or strengths that had recently helped their family. The results indicate that spirituality is an important coping resource. The core theme of spirituality consists of six related categories that facilitated the successful adaptation of the participating families after a crisis. These categories are Gifts from God; Guidance; God's Works; God's Plan; Prayer; and Faith.     

心理弹性与压力适应的关系:积极情绪中介效应的实验研究

Fredrickson的积极情绪的扩展—建构理论(broaden-and-build theory)认为积极情绪具有激活行动、扩展认知、建设资源和缓解压力的功能.但是积极情绪是否是心理弹性到压力适应的中介变量有待于进一步研究.该研究让37名女大学生先完成中国情感量表和Connor-Davidson心理弹性量表,然后进行压力情境实验,通过生理多导仪记录实验前后压力下的生理反应,以压力下的生理恢复时间作为压力适应的指标.最后通过中介检验程序分析积极情绪在心理弹性到压力适应的中介效应.结果表明:(1)压力下个体的心理弹性水平与生理恢复指标显著相关(r=-0.75,p<0.001);(2)当心理弹性和积极情绪同时进入回归方程时,积极情绪对压力适应的预测显著,心理弹性对生理恢复指标的预测下降,但是依然显著(r=-0.62,p<0.001).结论:积极情绪在心理弹性与压力适应间起部分中介作用.     

冲突适应效应研究述评

冲突适应效应指在一致性任务的试次序列中, 被试在前一试次中经历冲突后会使其在当前试次中更好的解决冲突。目前对于该效应有冲突监测理论、特征整合理论和学习理论三种不同的解释。研究者们对冲突适应的产生条件(诱发冲突适应的冲突性质、范围和程度)进行了大量的研究, 同时, 对冲突适应效应的影响因素(工作记忆、注意资源及动机和情绪)也做了探讨。未来的研究应将认知因素和非认知因素结合起来探讨冲突适应效应的产生条件及影响因素, 并加强神经机制的研究, 以更好的揭示冲突适应效应的实质。     

依恋与大学生人际适应——个人自主的中介作用

采用问卷法对638名大学生的依恋、个人自主及人际适应状况进行测查,运用结构方程建模技术对数据进行分析,结果发现：（1）依恋与个人自主均能显著预测大学生人际关系适应;（2）依恋焦虑通过个人自主间接预测大学生人际适应,个人自主在依恋焦虑与人际适应间起完全中介作用;（3）依恋回避直接预测人际适应。该结果对进一步制定提高与改善大学生人际适应的干预措施具有重要的指导意义。     

国外工作场所负面人格特质研究述评

工作场所负面人格特质是指与工作绩效相关的负面人格特质, 研究者大多把它定义为多维度的结构。在国外相关研究中, 工作场所负面人格特质结构与管理者脱轨的影响因素、正常人格特质结构及人格障碍存在着紧密的联系。目前工作场所负面人格特质相关研究主要集中在工作场所负面人格特质维度结构研究及各维度与工作产出的关系上。实证研究表明, 负面人格特质对领导力、绩效等工作产出均存在显著影响。未来的研究应关注负面人格特质影响绩效和管理者脱轨的机制, 以及工作场所负面人格特质的本土化研究。     

Resilience and Family Psychosocial Processes Among Children of Parents with Serious Mental Disorders

Resilience involves successful adaptation despite adverse circumstances, and is operationalized in this study as a multidimensional construct which consists of both positive and negative indicators of adaptation. Previous research has emphasized the importance of parental psychopathology in predicting child adaptation among children of parents with serious mental disorders. In contrast, we hypothesized five family psychosocial processes as common sequelae to serious parental mental disorder that are central to child adaptation beyond that predicted by parental psychiatric status. These are diminished family financial resources, social network constriction, impaired performance of parenting tasks, increased familial stress, and disruption of the parent-child bond. We examined the relationship of these processes to child adaptation independently through hierarchical regression analyses after taking into account parental psychiatric symptoms and functioning as well as the child's age and gender. One hundred seventy-seven children of mothers with serious mental disorder, ages 2–17 years old, were assessed on measures of adaptation. Results indicated that family psychosocial processes are a more consistent and powerful predictor of child adaptation than parental psychopathology. Results also indicated that, for these children, adaptation is predicted most consistently by parenting performance, and to lesser extents, by the parent-child bond and familial stress. We discuss our results in terms of their implications for theory and intervention with children of parents with serious mental disorders and for the study of resilience.