考试评分缺失数据的概化理论分析

考试评分缺失数据较为常见,如何有效利用现有数据进行统计分析是个关键性问题。在考试评分中,题目与评分者对试卷得分的影响不容忽视。根据概化理论原理,按考试评分规则推导出含有缺失数据双侧面交叉设计（p×i×r）方差分量估计公式,用Matlab7.0软件模拟多组缺失数据,验证此公式的有效性。结果发现：（1）推导出的公式较为可靠,估计缺失数据的方差分量偏差相对较小,即便数据缺失率达到50％以上,公式仍能对方差分量进行较为准确地估计;（2）题目数量对概化理论缺失数据方差分量的估计影响最大,评分者次之,当题目和评价者数量分别为6和5时,公式能够趋于稳定地估计;（3）学生数量对各方差分量的估计影响较小,无论是小规模考试还是大规模考试,概化理论估计缺失数据的多个方差分量结果相差不大。     

常见肺栓塞评分方法及临床应用

肺栓塞评分方法是国际上肺栓塞诊断策略的重要基础。本文简要介绍国际上常用肺栓塞评分方法,即Wells法、Geneva法、Geneva改良法、Pisa法和Claudia法,并评价和比较这些方法在临床上的应用,建议建立并规范使用适合我国国情的肺栓塞评分方法。     

编制中国人个性测量表(CPAI)的意义与程序

从1990年开始中国科学院心理研究所与香港中文大学心理系合作,编制“中国人个性测量表”(CPAI)。编制方法严格按照个性测验编制程序进行。共分四个步骤,一、建立正常与病态个性量表的框架。二、构成量表的项目。三、测量表的最后确定。四、量表的标准化工作。编制出的测量表共包括22个正常个性量表,12个病态个性量表及2个效度量表,共510个项目。经实践检验与统计分析,证明该测量表具有一定的信度与效度。     

反应时方法的新进展

反应时以数量化的方式来反映人的各种心理和生理指标,是实验心理学中常用的反应变量之一。反应时经过两个发展阶段之后,在认知心理学(特别是内隐社会认知研究)和测量仪器两个方面又有了新的发展。由于反应时是时间和速度的测量内容,为了保证研究结果的准确性,在采用反应时法时必须考虑速度-准确性权衡问题。     

Algebraic Aspects of Cut Elimination

We will give here a purely algebraic proof of the cut elimination theorem for various sequent systems. Our basic idea is to introduce mathematical structures, called Gentzen structures, for a given sequent system without cut, and then to show the completeness of the sequent system without cut with respect to the class of algebras for the sequent system with cut, by using the quasi-completion of these Gentzen structures. It is shown that the quasi-completion is a generalization of the MacNeille completion. Moreover, the finite model property is obtained for many cases, by modifying our completeness proof. This is an algebraic presentation of the proof of the finite model property discussed by Lafont [12] and Okada-Terui [17].     

Frege's Content-Principle and Relevant Deducibility

Given the harmony principle for logical operators, compositionality ought to ensure that harmony should obtain at the level of whole contents. That is, the role of a content qua premise ought to be balanced exactly by its role as a conclusion. Frege's contextual definition of propositional content happens to exploit this balance, and one appeals to the Cut rule to show that the definition is adequate.We show here that Frege's definition remains adequate even when one relevantizes logic by abandoning an unrestricted Cut rule. The proof exploits the fact that in the relevantized logic, which abandons the unrestricted rule of Cut, any failure of the transitivity of deduction is offset by the epistemic gain involved in learning that a stronger-than-expected result holds.     

On Enhancing the Cross‐Cultural Comparability of Likert‐Scale Personality and Value Measures: A Comparison of Common Procedures

This study aims to evaluate a number of procedures that have been proposed to enhance cross‐cultural comparability of personality and value data. A priori procedures (anchoring vignettes and direct measures of response styles (i.e. acquiescence, extremity, midpoint responding, and social desirability), a posteriori procedures focusing on data transformations prior to analysis (ipsatization and item parcelling), and two data modelling procedures (treating data as continuous vs as ordered categories) were compared using data collected from university students in 16 countries. We found that (i) anchoring vignettes showed lack of invariance, so they were not bias‐free; (ii) anchoring vignettes showed higher internal consistencies than raw scores where all other correction procedures, notably ipsatization, showed lower internal consistencies; (iii) in measurement invariance testing, no procedure yielded scalar invariance; anchoring vignettes and item parcelling slightly improved comparability, response style correction did not affect it, and ipsatization resulted in lower comparability; (iv) treating Likert‐scale data as categorical resulted in higher levels of comparability; (v) factor scores of scales extracted from different procedures showed similar correlational patterning; and (vi) response style correction was the only procedure that suggested improvement in external validity of country‐level conscientiousness. We conclude that, although no procedure resolves all comparability issues, anchoring vignettes, parcelling, and treating data as ordered categories seem promising to alleviate incomparability. We advise caution in uncritically applying any of these procedures. Copyright © 2017 European Association of Personality Psychology     

Effects of Differential Item Functioning on Examinees' Test Performance and Reliability of Test

Simulations were conducted to examine the effect of differential item functioning (DIF) on measurement consequences such as total scores, item response theory (IRT) ability estimates, and test reliability in terms of the ratio of true-score variance to observed-score variance and the standard error of estimation for the IRT ability parameter. The objective was to provide bounds of the likely DIF effects on these measurement consequences. Five factors were manipulated: test length, percentage of DIF items per form, item type, sample size, and level of group ability difference. Results indicate that the greatest DIF effect was less than 2 points on the 0 to 60 total score scale and about 0.15 on the IRT ability scale. DIF had a limited effect on the ratio of true-score variance to observed-score variance, but its influence on the standard error of estimation for the IRT ability parameter was evident for certain ability values.     

探索性因子分析及其在应用中存在的主要问题

探索性因子分析的发展非常迅速,已成为教育与社会心理学领域中最常用的统计方法之一。本文全面介绍了探索性因子分析的基本原理,阐述了其发生的机制及基本过程,对其在教育、心理领域应用中存在的问题进行了总结,并针对应用中样本容量和观测变量数目不够、因子求解方法的误用、因子数目的确定标准及因子旋转中存在的问题、因子值缺乏重复验证性、研究结果呈现形式不规范、过于依赖SPSS、缺乏主动性等问题提出了一些相应的建议。     

A NEW LOOK AT THE SCIENCE‐AND‐RELIGION DIALOGUE

Abstract. Cognitive science is beginning to make a contribution to the science‐and‐religion dialogue by its claims about the nature of both scientific and religious knowledge and the practices such knowledge informs. Of particular importance is the distinction between folk knowledge and abstract theoretical knowledge leading to a distinction between folk science and folk religion on the one hand and the reflective, theoretical, abstract form of thought that characterizes both advanced scientific thought and sophisticated theological reasoning on the other. Both folk science and folk religion emerge from commonsense reasoning about the world, a form of reasoning bequeathed to us by the processes of natural selection. Suggestions are made about what scientists and theologians can do if they accept these claims.