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21.
Kenneth I. Maton Douglas M. Teti Kathleen M. Corns Catherine C. Vieira-Baker Jacqueline R. Lavine Karen R. Gouze Daniel P. Keating 《American journal of community psychology》1996,24(4):551-587
Levels and correlates of parental support, peer support, partner support, and/or spiritual support among African American
and Caucasian youth were examined in three contexts: adolescent pregnancy (Study 1), first year of college (Study 2), and
adolescence and young adulthood (ages 15–29; Study 3). Partially consistent with a cultural specificity perspective, in different
contexts different support sources were higher in level and/or more strongly related to adjustment for one ethnic group than
the other. Among pregnant adolescents, levels of spiritual support were higher for African Americans than Caucasians; additionally,
peer support was positively related to well-being only for African Americans whereas partner support was positively related
to well-being only for Caucasians. Among college freshmen, family support was more strongly related to institutional and goal
commitment for African Americans than Caucasians; conversely, peer support was more strongly related to institutional and
goal commitment among Caucasians. Among 15 to 29-year-olds, levels of parental support and spiritual support were higher among
African Americans than Caucasians; additionally, spiritual support was positively related to self-esteem for African Americans
but not for Caucasians. Implications and limitations of the research are discussed.
The third study was supported by National Institute of Mental Health Grant RO1 MH40963. We thank Monica Greene, Shea Lyda,
Wendy Stevenson, and the many undergraduate students who contributed to the three research projects. We also acknowledge the
very thoughtful and helpful comments of the anonymous reviewers and the editor, Edison Trickett. 相似文献
22.
Steiner D 《Science and engineering ethics》1996,2(4):457-468
Individual and institutional conflict of interests in biomedical research have becomes matters of increasing concern in recent
years. In the United States, the growth in relationships — sponsored research agreements, consultancies, memberships on boards,
licensing agreements, and equity ownership — between for-profit corporations and research universities and their scientists
has made the problem of conflicts, particularly financial conflicts, more acute. Conflicts can interfere with or compromise
important principles and obligations of researchers and their institutions, e.g., adherence to accepted research norms, duty
of care to patients, and open exchange of information. Disclosure is a key component of a successful conflict policy. Commitments
which conflict with a faculty member's primary obligations to teaching, research, administrative responsibilities, or patient
care also need attention. Institutional conflict of interests present different problems, some of which are discussed in an
analysis of an actual problem posed by two proposed clinical trials.
This paper is adapted from a lecture presented to a Symposium on Scientific Integrity, Warsaw, Poland, 23 November 1995.
Daniel Steiner was Vice-President and General Counsel of Harvard University (1972–92) and in that capacity became familiar
with conflict of interest issues. He is currently Counsel to the Boston law firm. Ropes and Gray, and is Adjunct Lecturer
in Public Policy at the John F. Kennedy School of Government. Harvard University. 相似文献
23.
Lawrence R. Zeitlin 《International journal of stress management》1996,3(2):85-98
Culture shock is defined as the confusion and discomfort caused by the conflict in perceived motives and expected behaviors between the home culture and the foreign culture. Several quantitative and graphical methods employing techniques of cluster analysis and similarity mapping are offered for predicting the magnitude of culture shock between pairs of countries using data extracted from Hofstede's 1980–83 studies of national cultural values. Implications for business, politics, and personal stress management are discussed. 相似文献
24.
Lyman A. Page 《Zygon》2007,42(3):767-778
Progress in technology has allowed dynamic research on the development of the human brain that has revolutionized concepts. Particularly, the notions of plasticity, neuronal selection, and the effects of afferent stimuli have entered into thinking about brain development. Here I focus on development from the age of four years to early adulthood, during which a 30 percent reduction in some brain synapses occurs that is out of proportion to changes in neuronal numbers. This corresponds temporally with changes in normal child behavior from the loose‐associative, almost schizoid, thinking and art of the four‐year‐old to the more trained, or disciplined, or acculturated—and restrained—personality of the young adult. I propose that the synaptic changes can best be thought of as a winnowing process likely subject to environmental influences. Acquisition of language and the ability to link linguistic cognition to the plastic development of the brain provide a potentially powerful means of explaining the evolutionally explosive development of human cognition and culture. Schizophrenia, a disease that can be envisioned as representing a derangement of synaptic maturation, may provide an entry into the search for genes controlling the processes mediating the unprecedented development of Homo sapiens over the past 40,000 to 70,000 years. The recently completed mapping of the genome of the chimpanzee provides a new frame of reference that may speed the search. 相似文献
25.
Komi Dzinyefa Adrake 《International review of missions》2021,110(1):145-155
The encounter between Islam and Christianity in the mission field has created shocks that have left indelible scars across the ages. These two religions, which have never hidden their missionary intentions, have at times engaged in the struggle for supremacy on the religious chessboard, not hesitating to encroach on each other. This state of affairs has led to frustrations and conflicts between the two religious systems that the passage of time has not been able to erase. Various organizations have attempted to bring Christians and Muslims together, among these the Programme for Christian-Muslim Relations in Africa. Reconciliation is possible. Although the path to reconciliation is still long, one who has already travelled on it gives us signs of hope. Only God can clear the path to effective reconciliation. This, however, must be combined with a new understanding of mission in both religious systems as well as a commitment on the part of both to embark on a new dynamic. 相似文献
26.
27.
先秦齐、鲁两国作为周王室分封在东方的重要诸侯国,虽然同处东方,但所处地域的地理环境还是存在差异,而且各自所奉行的治国策略也不相同。文化作为人类在特定的自然环境与社会环境中为了生存与发展而有意识地进行的物质创造与精神创建,决定了齐、鲁文化之间必会存在着相同点和不同点,本文借助现有文献对齐、鲁文化的渊源、政治、经济、习俗、文化特征等方面进行了初步的异同比较阐述。 相似文献
28.
29.
Previous research has shown that there is higher tolerance of violence against women in cultures with salient gender-specific honor norms, especially when the violence occurs in intimate relationships and in response to threat to male honor. The present cross-cultural study (N = 398) extended these findings to sexual aggression (i.e., marital rape) by comparing participants from a culture that emphasizes honor (Turkey) and participants from cultures without strong honor traditions (Germany and Britain). Turkish participants blamed the victim and exonerated the perpetrator more than did German and British participants. In all cultural groups, participants blamed the victim and exonerated the perpetrator more when the husband's reputation was threatened than in the absence of such threat, and in all cultural groups, men blamed the victim and exonerated the perpetrator more than women. Yet, the effect of masculine reputation threat and this pattern of gender differences were somewhat more pronounced among Turkish than German or British participants. Results exploring the predictive role of honor norms at the individual level beyond rape myth acceptance and traditional gender role attitudes revealed that honor norms were the primary predictor of rape perceptions and blame attributions in Turkey (an honor culture), but not in Germany and Britain (dignity cultures) where rape myth acceptance was the strongest predictor. These results provide insights into the cultural factors influencing marital rape judgments in ways that may undermine victim's well-being and fair handling of rape cases, and highlight the domains most urgently in need of potential intervention. 相似文献
30.