艾滋病污名的形成机制、负面影响与干预

艾滋病污名主要包括实际污名、感知污名和自我污名, 这些不同形式的污名给艾滋病患者带来了精神上的痛苦、社会资源的剥夺等一系列的负面影响。归因理论、社会文化理论和道德理论分别从社会心理学、社会不平等和文化道德的角度阐述了艾滋病污名的形成机制。从这些机制出发, 减少艾滋病污名可以结合接触假设、知识传播以及认知行为疗法, 并注意改变艾滋病患者的自身观念。未来的艾滋病污名研究应更多地从社会文化以及道德的角度进行跨文化的量化研究。     

‘Bound in a nutshell’: Thoughts on complexity,reductionism, and ‘infinite space’1

Pluralism is the hallmark of 21st century psychoanalytic discourse. Nevertheless, an unpleasant byproduct of pluralism is a tendency in some quarters to retreat into orthodoxy, stemming from a perceived need to shore up theoretical boundaries in the service of differentiating one theory from another. The delineation of borders places us at a risk of losing sight of the fact that genuine psychoanalytic thinking is fundamentally non‐reductionistic. Moreover, the core psychoanalytic notion of overdetermination, which Freud never abandoned throughout his career, has recently been neglected as authors argue in their communications that one point of view is better than another. Both analysts and their patients secretly are drawn to simple formulations that eschew complexity. The need to remain open to the ‘infinite space’ of meaning, motive, and causation should be a hallmark of clinical psychoanalytic practice. The author considers the implications for technique, and provides case material to illustrate some of the challenges inherent in approaching psychoanalytic work as a complex phenomenon.     

Culture, Health, and Financial Appraisals: Comparison of Worry in Older Japanese Americans and European Americans

There is limited understanding of the potential impact of cultural identification and values on the emotional experiences of older adults. This study considered potential differences in worry based on culture and acculturation type. The study also evaluated differences in worry based on self-appraisals of perceived health and financial status. Sixty-six older community-based Japanese Americans (JAs) and 65 older European Americans (EAs) completed the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ) and the Worry Scale–Revised (WSR). Cultural differences were not found. Social desirability scores were elevated, particularly among JAs who had been relocated to internment camps during World War II. Irrespective of cultural status, elevated average daily worry frequency scores and WSR–Health scores were found in the group who perceived their health status to be poor/fair. Irrespective of cultural status, elevated average daily worry frequency scores, PSWQ scores, and WSR–Financial scores were found in the group who perceived their financial status to be poor/fair. Recommendations for using the WSR with older populations are discussed.     

Stories and Theories: A Scientific Challenge to Theology

Stories about the divine are meant to help our imagination cope with what is ultimately not fully imaginable. In the process we make use of metaphors that rely on quantitative relationships to express the qualitative difference between the reality accessible to us and the transcendent reality of God. For example, because we have no notion of what it would mean to "be outside of time," eternity tends to be explained in terms of infinite temporality. With the increasingly bizarre and unimaginable worldview of contemporary physics, it is perhaps no longer clear what the difference is between the unknown and the unknowable, or even whether it is possible to articulate a meaningful difference. Science appears to have outrun theology in creating stories that engage our imagination. How to overcome the difficulties this raises, particularly with respect to a widening gulf between academic analysis and popular belief, is at present not clear. A "flight from metaphor" into formalized theory, although apparently valid in science, leads to a dead end in theology. A re-thinking of many traditional concepts, such as immanence and transcendence, seems to be indicated.     

Reviews

Books reviewed: Science and Theology: An Introduction, by JohnPolkinghorne Genesis, Genes, and God: Values and Their Origins in Naturaland Human History, by Holmes Rolston, III Playing God? Genetic Determinism and Human Freedom, by Ted Peters Green Space, Green Time: The Way of Science, by Connie Barlow Reconstructing Nature: The Engagement of Science and Religion , by John Brooke and GeoffreyCantor Whatever Happened to the Soul? Scientific and Theological Portraits ofHuman Nature, Edited by Warren S. Brown, Nancey Murphy, and H.Newton Malony The Turn of the Millennium: An Agenda for Christian Religion in an Age of Science, by Jeffrey G. Sobosan God without the Supernatural: A Defense of Scientific Theism, by Peter Forrest Religion and Creation, by Keith Ward     

Comparative study of the cognitive performance of Greek Australian and Greek national elderly: Implications for neuropsychological practice

In the area of dementia diagnosis and assessment of cognitive functioning of elderly culturally and linguistically diverse individuals (CALDI) little is known about cognitive test performance differences between migrants and peers from their country of origin. This study investigated whether community dwelling elderly Greek Australian (GA) performance on tests of cognition was comparable to that of elderly Greek national ‘normal’ individuals without a diagnosis of dementia (Gn). Based on available cross‐cultural literature it was hypothesised that GA would obtain lower scores on the Cambridge Cognitive Examination of the Elderly and the Mini‐Mental Status Examination compared to Gn due to issues relating to the migrant experience such as acculturation, reduced language fluency and proficiency. The results of the current study supported the hypothesis arguing for caution when interpreting CALDI performance on tests that have not been normed in that particular group because there may be a greater risk of false‐positive diagnoses.     

Migrants straddling the “here” and “there”: Explorations of habitus and hybrid identities among Sri Lankan migrants in New Zealand

Migrant settlement is of particular interest to the field of psychology due to a notable increase in the movement of people over the past few decades. This article explores the ways in which Sri Lankan migrants in New Zealand establish a sense of continuity between the host nation and country of origin. The theoretical framework for this research is informed by elements of ethnographic and indigenous research. We provide a rich understanding of migrant experiences that foregrounds the agency and resilience of migrants, and acknowledges the complexities of the notion of identity and migrant settlement. We explore complex, fluid, and hybrid cultural identities as experienced by Sri Lankan migrants and their negotiations of space and place, material practices, and objects of significance, such as an educational institution, antique dinnerware, and furniture with colonial origins. The present research thereby, argues for the need to acknowledge both the historical and current contexts that shape migrants' sense of habitus and cultural identities.