从指南看冠心病降脂治疗的现状及分析

层出不穷的试验研究和不断更新的指南使人们对冠心病防治的认识不断加深,但指南的实施和普及却不理想,大多数冠心病患者并未真正受益于降脂治疗。现就NCEP-ATP指南的更新和目前冠心病患者降脂治疗的现状、主要影响因素(患者的依从性、医务工作者的医疗质量、药物有效性以及效价比与经济条件)及可能的改善措施做一综述。     

当代农民职业价值观及其影响因素研究

随着农村劳动力大量地向城镇和非农产业转移,我国农民的职业价值观也发生了前所未有的变化。本研究以问卷调查为手段,以浙江省本地和来自外省的503名农民为样本,对农民的职业价值观进行了较为系统的分析,探讨了当代农民职业价值观的结构模式,考察了不同因素对于农民职业价值观的影响。研究结果有助于人们更好地理解农民的择业心理和就业行为。     

Violence Exposure and Early Adolescent Alcohol Use: An Exploratory Study of Family Risk and Protective Factors

In this short-term longitudinal exploratory interview study, the relations between exposure to community violence and subsequent alcohol use were examined, with a focus on caregiver and family variables as moderators. Maternal caregivers and their children (N =101 families; 98% African American; M child age = 11.2 yrs) were interviewed separately and completed measures of violence exposure, caregiver and child adjustment, including substance use, and family functioning. Family interaction was also videotaped and coded. Child alcohol use at Time 2 was positively associated with all forms of violence exposure, and was negatively related to felt acceptance from caregiver, but was not associated with caregiver-rated family competence, observer-rated family interaction, maternal problems with alcohol, or maternal psychopathology. Logistic regression analyses predicting child alcohol use at Time 2 indicated that exposure to community violence increased risk of alcohol use, and felt acceptance from the caregiver decreased the likelihood of alcohol use, but did not buffer the effects of violence exposure on alcohol use. Implications and future directions are discussed.     

Unraveling Cultural Threads: A Qualitative Study of Culture and Ethnic Identity Among Urban Southwestern American Indian Youth Parents and Elders

We utilized qualitative methods to explore ethnic and cultural identity among urban Southwestern American Indian youth, parents, and elders. Twenty-four respondents ranging in age from approximately 13 to 90 years were interviewed in focus groups divided by age. Six major themes and seventeen sub-themes related to tribal and pan-American Indian ethnic identity were identified. Two important findings emerging from our study were that common ethnic identity constructs can be validated and new identity constructs discovered through qualitative methods. These and other findings suggest the importance of qualitative methods in better understanding cultural and ethnic identity. Of particular significance was the notion that the most salient and relevant identity constructs can be learned from the voices and perspectives of ethnic identity members themselves across generations, age, tribal groups, gender, and reservation and urban residence.     

It takes time and experience to learn how to interpret gaze in mentalistic terms

What capabilities are required for an organism to evince an ‘explicit’ understanding of gaze as a mentalistic phenomenon? One possibility is that mentalistic interpretations of gaze, like concepts of unseen, supernatural beings, are culturally‐specific concepts, acquired through cultural learning. These abstract concepts may either require a shared, symbolic code for intergenerational transmission and therefore be uniquely human cognitive phenomena (like belief in Santa Claus) or, alternatively, language may only facilitate their acquisition. Thus, the possibility remains that other organisms can acquire these mentalistic conceptions of gaze, perhaps over much longer time courses, compared to humans, which would limit to very long‐lived species the possibility of acquiring these abstract concepts. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

小学生道德自我觉知与情绪体验的关系及影响因素

该研究采用道德情境故事问卷,以192名小学生为被试,考察了道德自我觉知与情绪体验的关系及其影响因素。结果发现:(1)小学生道德自我觉知的内容和程度与其情绪体验的性质紧密相关;(2)行为情境对小学生的道德自我觉知具有普遍影响,行为意图对小学生的道德自我觉知具有特定影响。     

改革开放以来我国文化震荡的特点研究

采用自编问卷对全国各地区30岁及以上的各类被试1555名进行文化震荡调查,结果发现:(1)总体而言,改革开放以来几乎所有的文化事件对人们造成的影响都是积极的;(2)各类文化事件的主观影响均存在明显的年龄差异,总体上,成年中期感受到最积极的影响,成年晚期感受到最消极的影响;(3)各类文化事件的主观影响上均存在显著的地域差异,总体上,东部地区的被试感受到最积极的影响,中西部地区感受到最消极的影响;(4)受过高等教育的被试在物质文化事件、行为文化事件及总体上的感受要比受教育程度较低的被试更积极。     

先天模块与后天文化资源的相互作用论——B.Butterworth的"数字模块"理论述评

从理论假设、概念体系和研究方法三个方面对B.Butterworth的“数字模块”理论进行了介绍和评价。该理论假定人类数学能力是先天的“数字模块”与后天的拓展模块功能的“概念工具”相互作用的产物。其概念体系涉及“数字模块”的定义、功能、结构及模块与文化资源间的相互作用。其方法以认知神经心理学为主,兼及跨文化、灵长目认知的研究和基因学的证据。     

社会适应性研究述评

本文对社会适应性的概念界定、基本理论、研究方法、评价量表与内容、影响因素等研究现状做了基本的叙述与分析。从中看出,当前国外的研究主要集中在社会适应性的评价与跨文化的研究上。国内这方面的研究主要集中在量表的研发和特殊儿童与正常儿童社会适应性的比较研究上。该研究的发展趋势是对社会适应行为的影响因素、评价以及怎样培养方面的研究。