Peirce on Education: Discussion of Peirce’s Definition of a University

I write this short essay in response to Peirce, as a feminist, pragmatist, and cultural studies scholar, in the hope that it will help to bring feminism and pragmatism together. I suggest that Peirce offers marginalized and colonized people a way to argue for the importance of their input, with his theory of fallibilism, even if he still claims a position of privilege. He also offers assistance through his concept of “a community of inquirers.” It is curious that Peirce’s definition of a university argues for a split between theory and practice that his earlier work sought to heal. Peirce opened a door to help diverse scholars be able to enter the university, and find a way to address issues of power, with his youthful connecting of theory to practice, that his more senior position draws our attention away from and seeks to hold off. Fortunately, it is too late. Peirce’s youthful pragmatism has been developed in important ways by other scholars and now serves as an example of a way to do philosophy that does connect theory to practice and does seek to address real problems in diverse peoples lives, and help to find solutions that effect change.     

中国留学生的文化认同、社会取向与主观幸福感

采用问卷,调查了在澳大利亚的144名中国留学生的文化认同、社会取向及主观幸福感。结果显示,随着文化融入的进程,中国留学生对澳大利亚主流文化认同增强,对中国文化认同减弱;文化融入进程对个体取向没有显著影响,但通过主族和客族文化认同间接地减弱集体取向;中国留学生的文化认同和社会取向均可直接影响其幸福感;文化融入进程可直接影响中国留学生的幸福感,并可通过文化认同和社会取向对其幸福感产生间接的影响。     

医学伦理研究之文化背景关注

医学伦理研究与文化关系密切,医学本身就具有深厚的文化内涵。医学伦理研究与文化的关系可以通过医学伦理的文化纷争与道德陌生者两个事实得到例证。当代中国医学伦理学的发展更多地表现出对西方医学伦理理论的移植,而对中国社会特定文化背景的关注不够。立足民族深厚的文化背景,对外来研究成果进行本土化基础上的借鉴与吸收,将是发展中国当代医学伦理学的良策与必由之路。     

跨文化心理学的困境与出路

跨文化心理学经历了四十多年的发展,积累大量丰富经验的同时,也暴露了它自身的不足。比如研究前提与研究目标相矛盾的问题;研究者的立场问题;研究方法及结果的效度问题等等。然而,21世纪为跨文化心理学的完善和发展心理学提供了广阔的空间,跨文化心理学又在对心理现象和行为进行多层次多角度的考察分析中成长。     

群体多样性研究的理论述评——基于群体断层理论的反思

群体多样性研究迄今为止已经取得了丰硕的研究成果, 但是群体多样性对群体过程和群体效能的影响机制仍然存在大量不甚明了的地方。本文首先回顾群体多样性近期的研究进展, 在此基础上着重阐述基于群体断层理论的多样性研究的一系列理论成果和实证结论, 强调对最佳设计的理解和引入情境因素的考察。本文最后将讨论多样性研究和群体断层理论未来的发展趋势, 并就多样性研究成果对管理实践的启示做出分析。     

员工建言行为的人口统计特征元分析

研究目的在于明确人口统计学特征与员工建言行为的关系。共81篇实证文献被纳入元分析, 被试人数为39118人。结果发现, 员工年龄、教育程度、组织任期和职位均与建言行为显著正相关, 即年龄越大、受教育程度越高、组织任期越长的员工会表现出越多建言行为; 同时, 在不同的文化背景下, 职位高低与建言行为的关系存在显著差异, 受中国传统文化影响, 高、低职位员工的建言行为数量差异明显, 而在非中国情境下, 员工职位高低对其建言行为的数量影响差异不明显; 此外, 建言行为的数据来源对员工年龄与建言行为之间的关系存在显著调节作用, 采用他评方式时, 年龄与建言行为的正向关系更为显著。研究结果为人口统计特征预测建言行为提供较为精确的估计, 并为未来建言行为的相关研究指引了方向。     

A cross‐cultural examination of Aboriginal and European Canadian mothers' beliefs regarding proactive and reactive aggression

The purpose of the present study was to examine the maternal beliefs and practices regarding preschool children's proactive and reactive aggression, within a cross‐cultural framework. Participants included 30 Aboriginal and 45 European Canadian mothers of preschoolers who provided their emotional reactions, causal attributions, socialization strategies, and parenting goals in response to children's aggressive behaviours. Results supported previous research that both groups of mothers generally responded negatively to both types of aggression, although there were differences in the extent of negative emotional responses expressed by mothers in the two cultures depending on the type of aggression. Mothers believed that reactive aggression was due to more external causes than proactive aggression and generally used more power assertive strategies in response to proactive versus reactive aggression. Aboriginal mothers were less anxious and used less power assertive strategies than European Canadian mothers. These findings speak to the importance of examining both similarities and differences in mother's beliefs and practices across cultures. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Culture and the quest for universal principles in moral reasoning

The importance of including cultural perspectives in the study of human cognition has become apparent in recent decades, and the domain of moral reasoning is no exception. The present review focuses on moral cognition, beginning with Kohlberg's model of moral development which relies heavily on people's justifications for their judgments and then shifting to more recent theories that rely on rapid, intuitive judgments and see justifications as more or less irrelevant to moral cognition. Despite this dramatic shift, analyses of culture and moral decision-making have largely been framed as a quest for and test of universal principles of moral judgment. In this review, we discuss challenges that remain in trying to understand crosscultural variability in moral values and the processes that underlie moral cognition. We suggest that the universalist framework may lead to an underestimation of the role of culture in moral reasoning. Although the field has made great strides in incorporating more and more cultural perspectives in order to understand moral cognition, theories of moral reasoning still do not allow for substantial variation in how people might conceptualize the domain of the moral. The processes that underlie moral cognition may not be a human universal in any simple sense, because moral systems may play different roles in different cultures. We end our review with a discussion of work that remains to be done to understand cultural variation in the moral domain.     

Aspirations and wellbeing in Romanian and US undergraduates

Updating cross-cultural research of the past decade on the relationship between life aspirations and wellbeing, we compared Romanian (N=69) and US (N=64) undergraduates on the contribution of the importance and likelihood of attaining intrinsic and extrinsic aspirations to psychological maladjustment and life satisfaction, and on the qualitative meaning they assign to financial success. Similarly to prior studies, we found that extrinsic and intrinsic aspirations tended to be either negatively or positively correlated with life satisfaction, respectively; however, wealth predicted life satisfaction for Romanian students. Unlike previous research, we found generally negative relationships between intrinsic aspirations and psychological maladjustment. Although there were no differences between Romanian and US undergraduates on extrinsic and intrinsic orientation, on the overall importance of attaining aspirations, or on specific extrinsic and intrinsic aspirations, Romanian students expressed weaker expectations of fulfilling intrinsic aspirations than did US students. Finally, the groups produced similar rankings of aspirations and assigned similar meaning to financial success. The results favored a social cognitive rather than a self-determination model of psychological wellbeing in that expectations for attaining aspirations were more often predictive of life satisfaction than were their content. We interpret these findings and their convergence and departure from earlier research in terms of political economic, demographic, and cultural factors. We encourage future cross-cultural investigations of the social construction of aspirations, subsidiation of seemingly contradictory aspirations to each other, and cognitive and ecological mediation of the complex relationship of aspirations to psychological functioning.     

Deliberate self-harm and psychological problems in young adolescents: evidence of a bidirectional relationship in girls

The purpose of this study was to test the hypotheses that there is a bidirectional prospective relationship between mental health and deliberate self-harm, in the sense that (1) psychological problems are a risk factor for the development of self-harm; (2) self-harm is a risk factor for the development of psychological problems; and (3) the relative absence of psychological problems is a protective factor against the continued use of self-harm in adolescents who have started to harm themselves. This was studied in a community sample of 879 young adolescents by means of a 2-wave longitudinal design with a one-year interval, with self-harm measured by a nine-item version of the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI-9r) and psychological problems by the self-report version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The hypothesis of bidirectional relationship between psychological problems and self-harm was supported among girls, but not among boys - although there was evidence of psychological problems as a risk factor of self-harm in boys, the converse was not the case. The relative absence of psychological problems was found to be a protective factor against self-harm only among boys, but not among girls. The results are discussed in terms of self-harm having a different role in the development of psychopathology among girls than among boys.