错误记忆影响因素的实验研究

本研究采用DRM范式,考察了关联性、学习程度和时间间隔对错误记忆的影响,结果表明:(1)低学习程度和中学习程度下的再认错误率显著高于高学习程度下的再认错误率,说明错误记忆随着学习程度的增加而降低;(2)低关联程度下的再认错误率显著低于中关联程度和高关联程度下的再认错误率,说明关联性高低是引发错误记忆的重要变量;(3)时间间隔对错误再认率没有影响,说明错误记忆不具有时间上的衰退效应,一旦产生后极其顽固,不容易消退,可能更多地受无意识加工的影响。实验结果揭示了错误记忆与真实记忆之间存在着较为复杂的关系。真实记忆可能是错误记忆的根源,而二者的关系在不同影响因素条件下则既有共变又有分离。     

空白间隔对汉字知觉干扰效应的影响

采用辨认残缺汉字的方法考察空白间隔对汉字知觉干扰效应的影响。两个实验分别考察了空白间隔的长短和不同的插入位置对汉字知觉干扰效应的影响,结果发现:(1)适当长度的空白间隔(大于等于600ms)能导致干扰效应的消失;(2)该空白间隔的位置越接近递进进程最后阶段,残缺汉字的辨认成绩越好,越不容易出现干扰。实验结果支持竞争激活假说,不支持失匹配假说。     

法律心理学研究的新热点--儿童目击证人研究

为满足获取儿童目击证人准确证词的司法需求,大量西方法律心理学家涉足这一领域,使儿童目击证人研究成为近十多年来法律心理学研究的新热点。鉴于我国法律还没有对儿童作为目击证人作明文规定,西方心理学家的研究成果值得我国法律心理学界关注。     

双通道分配性注意对视听觉返回抑制的影响

本研究基于线索-靶子范式, 操纵目标刺激类型(视觉、听觉、视听觉)与线索有效性(有效线索、中性条件、无效线索)两个自变量, 通过3个实验来考察双通道分配性注意对视听觉返回抑制(inhibition of return, IOR)的影响。实验1 (听觉刺激呈现在左/右侧)结果发现, 在双通道分配性注意条件下, 视觉目标产生显著IOR效应, 而视听觉目标没有产生IOR效应; 实验2 (听觉刺激呈现在左/右侧)与实验3 (听觉刺激呈现在中央)结果发现, 在视觉通道选择性注意条件下, 视觉与视听觉目标均产生显著IOR效应但二者无显著差异。结果表明：双通道分配性注意减弱视听觉IOR效应。     

Negative emotion elicited in high school students enhances consolidation of item memory,but not source memory

The study examined the effect of negative emotion on consolidation of both item and source memory. Participants learned words read by either a male or female. Then they watched either a negative or a neutral video clip. Memory tests were carried out either 25 min or 24 h after learning. The study yielded the following findings. First, negative emotion enhanced consolidation of item memory as measured by recognition memory in the 25-min delay, and enhanced consolidation of item memory as measured by free recall in both the 25-min and the 24-h delay. Second, negative emotion had little effect on consolidation of source memory, either in the 25-min or the 24-h delay. These findings provide evidence for the differential effects of negative emotion on item memory and source memory and have implications for using emotion as a strategy to intervene memory consolidation.     

Retention interval modulates the effect of negative arousing pictures on recognition memory

This study examined the modulation of retention interval in the effect of emotion as elicited from negative and positive arousing pictures on recognition memory. Participants underwent seven encoding sessions and one testing session. The encoding sessions were separated by certain lengths of intervals such that there were seven levels of time gaps between encoding and testing. In each encoding session, participants learned a list of 30 pictures (including 10 neutral, 10 positive and 10 negative pictures). In the testing session, they were presented with a list of 210 old and 210 new pictures and made “old/new” and “remember/know” judgements. The results showed that negative arousing pictures enhanced overall recognition in the 2-week interval and enhanced recollection in both the 2-week and 3-week intervals. However, neither negative nor positive arousing pictures had any effect on familiarity regardless of retention interval. The current study contributes to the literature by suggesting that longer retention intervals do not necessarily lead to more pronounced effects of negative arousing pictures and that the modulation of retention interval depends on the specific components of recognition memory.     

The effect of signaled reinforcement on rats' fixed-interval responding

Four experiments examined the effect on rats' response rate of presenting a brief (500 ms) stimulus simultaneously with the delivery of food on fixed-interval (FI) schedules. In Experiment 1, reinforcement signals that were spatially diffuse (both tones and lights) elevated rates of responding, but responding was attenuated by localized visual stimuli. The remaining experiments examined the signal-induced potentiation of responding. In Experiment 2, a tone reinforcement signal potentiated response rates on an FI schedule, but attenuated response rates on a variable-interval (VI) schedule. This difference was obtained even though the overall rate of responding was equated on the two schedules before the introduction of the signal. Signal-induced potentiation of responding occurred over a range of FI values employed in Experiment 3. In Experiment 4, presenting a reinforcement signal when high local rates of response had occurred immediately before reinforcement resulted in potentiated rates of responding on an FI schedule. The opposite effect on response rate occurred when the reinforcement signal followed only low local rates of response. These results indicate that a variety of factors influence the effects of a reinforcement signal. They imply, however, that the local rate of response at the time of reinforcement is a key factor in establishing the nature of the signaling effect.     

用Delta法估计多维测验合成信度的置信区间

大量研究表明,一般情况下用合成信度可以较好地估计测验信度。对于合成信度及其置信区间的估计方法,在单维测验的情形已有不少研究。但罕有研究讨论多维测验合成信度的区间估计方法。本文用Delta法推导出计算多维测验合成信度的标准误公式,进而计算置信区间,并用一个例子说明如何编程估计多维测验合成信度及其置信区间。     

Inhibiting function of reinforcement: magnitude effects on variable-interval schedules

In two experiments, the performance of rats under constant-probability and arithmetic variable-interval schedules respectively was compared when the concentration of a liquid reinforcer was varied within sessions; in other sessions, half of the reinforcers were randomly omitted. When the discriminative function of the reinforcer as a signal for a decrease in the probability of reinforcement was attenuated (the constant-probability schedule) the postreinforcement pause duration was nevertheless an increasing function of reinforcer magnitude. This relationship was also present, but more marked, when the temporal discriminative function of the reinforcer was enhanced (the arithmetic schedule). These results suggested that reinforcement has an unconditioned suppressive effect on the reinforced response distinct from any discriminative function it may acquire. The reinforcement-omission effect, where response rate accelerates following omission, was observed when the reinforcer functioned as an effective temporal discriminative stimulus, but not when such temporal control was absent.