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311.
本研究探讨在不同的道德冲突情境中,线索及其与行为的匹配性对儿童行为预测、情绪推断及其归因的影响。结果表明:(1)7、8岁儿童在一定程度上具备了根据他人特质推测情绪的能力,但是他们还难以做出准确的解释;(2)儿童对亲社会情境和犯过情境存在不同的情绪判断与归因模式;(3)在他人特质与行为匹配的时间,儿童更容易根据他人的特质来推测其情绪反应;(4)在他人特质不良的情况下,儿童更容易根据特质来预测其行为;(5)儿童预测他人行为的能力优于对他人情绪的判断。 相似文献
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Kazdin AE 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1979,12(4):713-724
A major distinguishing characteristic of behavioral assessment is the direct assessment of overt behavior. Direct assessment is assumed to provide a sample of behavior that reflects client performance in the situation in which behavior is assessed, even if the assessment procedures were not implemented. Yet, in the majority of investigations, behavioral assessment procedures are obtrusive, i.e., subjects are aware that their behavior is being assessed. The potential problem with obtrusive assessment is that it may be reactive, i.e., affect how subjects perform. Recent research has demonstrated that obtrusive observations often are reactive and that behaviors assessed under obtrusive and unobtrusive conditions bear little relation. From methodological and applied perspectives, additional attention needs to be given to unobtrusive measures of behavior change. The present paper illustrates unobtrusive measures in behavior modification including direct observations, archival records, and physical traces of performance. In addition, validation and assessment problems, questions about the obtrusiveness of the measures, and ethical issues are discussed. 相似文献
315.
Roscoe A. Dykman Peggy T. Ackerman D. Michael Oglesby 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1992,27(3):228-245
Beat-to-beat heart rate (HR) was analyzed for 9 contiguous seconds in a warned reaction time (RT) paradigm. Imperative stimuli were tones of three
intensity levels (55, 78, and 100 db); a visual warning signal occurred 5 sec before tone onset. Baseline and reward conditions
were run. Normal controls were contrasted with three Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) subgroups: ADD-only, ADD with hyperactivity
(ADDH), ADD with hyperactivity and aggression (ADDHA). The ADD subgroups were predicted to show less deceleration in HR because
of their problem sustaining readiness to respond. Significant sex x group differences in HR levels and change scores were
found. Overall, girls had higher HR levels than boys and the ADD-only group (boys and girls) had lower HRs than the other
ADD groups. But, the ADD-only boys had more marked deceleration to the warning signal and acceleration to the tones than the
other ADD boys, whereas the ADD-only girls were no more reactive than the ADDH and ADDHA girls. Control girls had the highest
HR levels and were the most reactive to stimuli. Control boys and ADD-only boys had similar HR levels and reaction patterns.
ADD-only girls appear to be underaroused, whereas ADD-only boys do not. Results suggest that cardiac measures can provide
external validation of disruptive and nondisruptive ADD subtypes. 相似文献
316.
Kimberly C. Kirby Susan A. Fowler University of Illinois Donald M. Baer 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1991,24(3):487-498
Reactivity refers to behavior change that occurs during self-recording without specific programming of consequences. We analyzed the effects of obtrusiveness of recording procedure and peer comments on reactivity to self-recording. Three first-grade students in Experiment 1 completed math questions during a 5-min work period. When we gave the children recording devices and told them to try to complete more questions than the highest number they had previously completed, math performance increased, as did the number of verbalizations about it. Two children showed more reactivity when they used the more obtrusive recording device. Because the increase in math performance corresponded closely to increases in peer comments, we manipulated peer comments directly in Experiment 2. Four second-grade students completed a math task and an alphabet task. Three of the students showed increased math performance during periods when peer comments occurred compared to periods when peer comments did not occur. Although the data from the math task suggested that peer comments can enhance reactivity, we did not observe this relationship with the alphabet task. These results suggest that the conditions necessary to produce desirable results through self-recording are complex and contextually specific. 相似文献
317.
Paul R. Stasiewicz Suzy B. Gulliver Clara M. Bradizza Damaris J. Rohsenow Robyn Torrisi Peter M. Monti 《Behaviour research and therapy》1997,35(12):1143-1149
Fifty-one male and female inpatient alcoholics received cue exposure treatment involving in vivo exposure to alcohol cues and imaginal exposure to individualized high-risk drinking situations involving negative emotional cues. At post-test, self-report measures of urge to drink alcohol and negative emotional states were obtained during an alcohol cue reactivity assessment. Contrary to our hypothesis, greater exposure to negative emotional cues during treatment was associated with greater urge and negative emotional responses at post-test. In addition, greater duration of exposure to negative emotional cues predicted greater attention to alcohol-related stimuli and thoughts about drinking during the post-test. Implications for future research in this area include extending the duration of exposure to negative emotional cues in order to establish the optimal exposure durations within which a majority of individuals achieve clinically significant reductions in their urge to drink alcohol. 相似文献
318.
319.
Elizabeth I. Johnson Mathilde Husky Olivier Grondin Carolyn M. Mazure Jack Doron Joel Swendsen 《Motivation and emotion》2008,32(4):251-259
Little is known about the magnitude and duration of mood responses to daily negative events as a function of gender, history
of mood disorder, and current substance use. Using computerized ambulatory monitoring techniques, perceived negativity of
minor daily events and state affect were prospectively examined every 3 h on average for a 7-day period. Event negativity
was associated with depressed mood for 6–9 h following event occurrence, and was associated with happy mood for 3–6 h. Gender
and substance use moderated the relationship between event negativity and mood states concurrently, and remained influential
for approximately 3 h following the event. History of mood disorder did not moderate any within- or across-day relationships
between event negativity and mood. No evidence was found for mood uplifts following daily events in either within- or across-day
analyses. The findings are discussed relative to assessment timing in investigations of vulnerability-stress theories. 相似文献
320.
Sigmon ST Pells JJ Schartel JG Hermann BA Edenfield TM LaMattina SM Boulard NE Whitcomb-Smith SR 《Behaviour research and therapy》2007,45(5):965-975
Stress, stress reactivity, and coping skill use were examined in individuals with seasonal depression, nonseasonal depression, and nondepressed controls. Although participants in the two depressed groups reported using more avoidance coping strategies than controls, only participants in the seasonal depressed group reported using more season-specific coping (i.e., light-related strategies) than participants in the nonseasonal depressed and control groups. Individuals in the seasonal depressed group also reporting using acceptance coping strategies less frequently than individuals in the control group. Only participants in the nonseasonal depressed group, however, exhibited greater psychophysiological arousal in reaction to a laboratory stressor (i.e., unsolvable anagram task) when compared to participants in the seasonal and nondepressed control groups. Participants in both depressed groups reported greater impact of negative life events during the past 6 months than did controls. Similarities and differences in the two types of depression may have implications for the conceptualization and treatment of seasonal depression. 相似文献