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981.
Takeshi Hamamura 《Asian Journal of Social Psychology》2018,21(1-2):3-12
Life experience appears to be transforming in contemporary societies, with changes taking place in Asia being particularly substantial. There is strong public interest in understanding how these changes affect individual psyches. Scientific understanding of this issue, however, has not kept pace with change. Research findings from Western societies, the USA in particular, provide a model for understanding and predicting patterns of cultural change in Asia. However, the applicability of the model in this region requires critical examination. This article presents an overview of the available evidence in this research field, reviewing available psychological research that examines cultural change in the USA, China, Japan, and Australia. This paper's aim is to stimulate interest in this research area within the community of Asian social psychologists as our Asia‐based insights have much to contribute to the fundamental research question at stake, and the nature of the interplay between a changing social ecology, cultural environment, and participating psyches. 相似文献
982.
983.
Cvetomir M. Dimov 《Journal of Cognitive Psychology》2018,30(2):163-176
We investigate if and how the model of hypothesis generation and probability judgment HyGene can be implemented in ACT-R. We ground our endeavour on the formal comparison of the memory theories behind ACT-R and HyGene, whereby we contrast the predictions of the two as a function of prior history and current context. After demonstrating the convergence of the two memory theories, we provide a 3-step guide of how to translate a memory representation from HyGene into ACT-R. We also outline how HyGene’s processing steps can be translated into ACT-R. We finish with a discussion of points of divergence between the two theories. 相似文献
984.
《Journal of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis》2017,24(3-4):146-161
During the U.S. military's first 145 years, waterborne and other infectious diseases caused more casualties than battlefield injuries, underscoring the importance of clean drinking water to military success. Ensuring drinking water safety poses special challenges to the U.S. Army Special Operations Forces, because treatment equipment used in the conventional Army is too heavy and operationally complex to deploy to remote outposts. Due to the lack of purpose‐built water purifiers, Special Forces often rely on commercial‐off‐the‐shelf systems, but guidelines on selecting optimal systems for specific deployment contexts are lacking. To fill this gap, this research examines whether multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) can provide an operational framework for selecting water purifiers for Special Forces. Our objectives are to apply MCDA to help an officer preparing for village stability operations in Afghanistan select a water purifier and to assess whether other Army stakeholders agree with the officer's choice. In addition, because previous research has suggested that alternative MCDA methods can yield different rankings of decision alternatives, we test whether the MCDA method used is as important as who conducts the ranking. Toward these objectives, we use 4 MCDA approaches for eliciting preferences among 4 water purifiers from the deploying officer and 6 other Army stakeholders. The results show that regardless of method, the officer and 5 of the 6 stakeholders identified the same preferred alternative, although rankings for the less preferred water purifiers varied by method (intermethod rank‐order correlation = .57). In responses to survey questions, stakeholders indicated that they would support using the results to support decisions about water purifier acquisition (average support = 5.3 on a 0–6 Likert scale with 6 indicating strongest support). 相似文献
985.
Bayesian inference for graphical factor analysis models 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We generalize factor analysis models by allowing the concentration matrix of the residuals to have nonzero off-diagonal elements.
The resulting model is named graphical factor analysis model. Allowing a structure of associations gives information about
the correlation left unexplained by the unobserved variables, which can be used both in the confirmatory and exploratory context.
We first present a sufficient condition for global identifiability of this class of models with a generic number of factors,
thereby extending the results in Stanghellini (1997) and Vicard (2000). We then consider the issue of model comparison and
show that fast local computations are possible for this purpose, if the conditional independence graphs on the residuals are
restricted to be decomposable and a Bayesian approach is adopted. To achieve this aim, we propose a new reversible jump MCMC
method to approximate the posterior probabilities of the considered models. We then study the evolution of political democracy
in 75 developing countries based on eight measures of democracy in two different years.
We acknowledge support from M.U.R.S.T. of Italy and from the European Science Foundation H.S.S.S. Network. We are grateful
to the referees and the Editor for many useful suggestions and comments which led to a substantial improvement of the paper.
We also thank Nanny Wermuth for stimulating discussions and Kenneth A. Bollen for kindly providing us with the data-set. 相似文献
986.
Abraham Tesser 《Current directions in psychological science》2001,10(2):66-69
Many qualitatively different mechanisms for regulating self-esteem have been described in the literature. These include, for example, reduction of cognitive dissonance, self-affirmation, and social comparison. The work reviewed here demonstrates that despite their differences, these mechanisms may be substitutable for one another. For example, a threat to self via cognitive dissonance can affect attempts to maintain self-esteem via social comparison. This implies that these mechanisms are serving the same, unitary goal of maintaining self-esteem. Thus, there is surprising generality or flexibility in the processes used to maintain self-esteem. Substitution of one mechanism for another may depend on the transfer of affect. The issue of substitutability across domains is briefly discussed. 相似文献
987.
Recent technical developments in genetictesting has led to a situation where the DNA inpreviously stored tissue samples can beextracted and used for genetic analysis. Thisraises the question of how to decide whether aspecific use of such samples should be allowed.Using the genetic testing of ancient DNA ingeneral, and the DNA of the pharaoh Tutankhamenin particular as examples this paper analysesthe question. It investigates whether ethicalframeworks based on proxy consent, culturalaffiliation, ownership, or the privacy rightsof the dead are appropriate and justifiable inthis context. The conclusion is that frameworksbased on proxy consent, cultural affiliation,and ownership are not very useful. 相似文献
988.
Bojana M. Dinić Neil Dagnall Andrew Denovan Anamarija Došenović Nick Neave 《International journal of psychology》2024,59(2):322-330
Initial validation of the Generic Conspiracist Beliefs Scale (GCBS) identified five correlated factors: Government Malfeasance, Malevolent Global Conspiracies, Extraterrestrial Cover-up, Personal Well-being and Control of Information. Despite replications of this structure, ensuing research, mostly using translated versions of the GCBS (i.e., Persian and Japanese), has reported factorial alternatives. Concomitantly, researchers postulated that belief in conspiracies was higher in historically troubled societies (e.g., Serbia). To further assess the cultural stability of the five correlated factor solution and test the assumption that GCBS scores are affected by social-political instability, a Serbian adaptation of the GCBS was assessed alongside the standard English language version. Data were collected from Serbian (n = 259, 44.40% males) and UK samples (n = 402, 52.25% males). Within samples, confirmatory factor analysis replicated the five-factor solution. Additionally, national and gender invariance was confirmed. National comparisons (Serbia vs. UK) revealed that the Serbian sample scored higher on Government Malfeasance, Malevolent Global Conspiracies, Personal Well-being and Control of Information, whereas the UK sample scored higher on Extraterrestrial Cover-up. There were no gender differences on GCBS factors. Findings indicated that while the Serbian GCBS was interpreted similarly to the GCBS, societal factors influenced endorsement of belief facets. 相似文献
989.
990.
The aim of this paper is to examine specific features of modern individualistic societies that contribute to "emotions" and "cognitions" becoming a matter of privacy. Although some behavior analysts identify emotions and cognitions as "private events," we argue with Skinner (1945) that cognitions and emotions are relations among events and that their origin is in public events in the contingencies of reinforcement maintained by other people. Guided by Elias (1939/1996), we suggest that the shift from feudal economies to market economies involved the increasing individualization of society's members. This individualizing process includes the socially maintained contingencies that bring some verbal responses under control of private stimulation and reduce the magnitude of some verbal responses to a covert level. Behavioral relations in which either stimuli or responses (or both) cannot be observed by others set the stage for a concept of "privacy." Changes in societal contingencies that gave rise to individualization and the attribution of privacy to cognitions and emotions are suggested to include the following: (a) increasing frequency of individual consequences that have no apparent or direct relevance to the group; (b) increasing numbers of concurrent contingencies and choice requirements; (c) conflicts between immediate and delayed consequences for the individual; and (d) conflicts between consequences for the individual and for the group. 相似文献