Stepwise contouring of efficient criterion vectors for large-scale MOLP

In this paper a new method of presenting the overall (focused) structure of the efficient criterion vectors (N) for large-scale MOLP is proposed. The proposed algorithm ASEOV (approximation of the set of efficient objective vectors) determines the representative subset of N and ensures full coverage of N , with corresponding coverage precision indicated. ASEOV works in objective space directly and eliminates unnecessary computational effort at the collapsing extreme points of X , which are transformed to non-extreme points in objective space. The Tchebycheff metric is employed to measure the coverage precision. ASEOV allows a decision maker (DM) to control the determination procedure by assessing the coverage allowance for each criterion. When the DM's preference is available, ASEOV can focus contouring on the subset of N which fits with the extracted preference. Combined with proper interactive methods, this focused contour over N can reduce the DM's burden, inconsistency or cognitive bias in assessing his preference from which to derive the final best-compromise solution. An illustrative example is presented.     

关注肝炎的"过度医疗"

肝炎诊疗领域存在的过度医疗现象是最具代表性的,集中体现为过度使用联合治疗、过度进行化验等辅助检查、过度使用新特药物、虚假广告泛滥等等,肝炎患者承担了额外风险,不但身心受损,而且经济支出严重超标,因病返贫、因病致贫的现象比比皆是.过度医疗是目前不规范的经济大环境的必然产物,救死扶伤、人道主义本应是医疗工作的准则,现在拜金主义、经济效应第一成为医疗活动的目的,过度诊疗在所难免.另外患者的无知和盲目,以及尚不规范的市场环境加剧了过度医疗现象.制定行业规范,建立社会监督机制,与国际肝炎诊疗指南接轨,是克服和纠正诊疗过度的有效方法.     

内隐学习的主观测量标准

近40年来,验证知识的内隐性一直是内隐学习研究的焦点。传统三大范式常以自由言语报告或是迫选测验作为验证知识内隐性的外显指标,然而各种迹象表明,言语报告和迫选测验存在一定的局限性。由此,Dienes等人提出了内隐学习的主观测量。文章将从言语报告和追选测验的局限性着手,阐述主观测量诞生的必要性及其在衡量知识意识性上的效度。     

概率分布等值法及其应用

在项目反应理论框架下,根据已有文献提出了开发新的测验等值准则的方法,即许多准则都可以看成是通过对锚题上作答反应概率分布进行变换而导出。据此揭示了两个著名的等值准则——Haebara方法和Stocking-Lord方法之间的联系,并且导出了一个新的等值准则——余弦等值准则。为了讨论余弦准则的行为表现,开展了一系列Monte-Carlo模拟研究。模拟结果表明,余弦准则在多级评分模型GPCM上表现比Haebara方法和Stocking--Lord方法都好,而对GRM和2PLM,其表现不如Haebara,但可以和Stocking-Lord方法相提并论。这一发现提醒我们等值准则的选用是否恰当,不仅与等值系数所落的范围有关,而且还与项目反应函数（IRF）有更密切的关系     

标准参照测验分数体系的探讨研究

随着考试事业的发展,标准参照测验（Criterion Referenced Test,CRT）也越来越多地受到人们的关注,但是它却陷入了用常模参照测验的方法来解释和报告分数的误区。该文从国内外重大标准参照测验CET-4＆CET-6、HSK、GRE、CLEP等分数体系入手,通过对其分数体系的共同点分析,探讨出适合于标准参照测验的分数体系,最后指出目前一些测验的分数体系仍然存在的问题。     

自由回忆中元记忆监控的作用及其影响因素

采用“类信号检测论方法”,通过两个实验,研究了在记忆信息提取过程中元记忆的预见性监测判断（Feeling-of-knowing）和元控制的作用及其影响因素。实验一探讨了识记材料的难易、识记遍数对元监测判断以及输出控制中的反应标准是否有影响;实验二探讨了严格和宽松的奖惩条件对输出控制中反应标准的影响。用计算机随机呈现识记用的词表材料,识记之后让被试进行FOK等级判断和自由回忆,再用“类信号检测论”方法统计实验数据,分析各种条件下回忆成绩、FOK判断等级,计算出相应的符合率和反应标准。实验一结果表明,不同材料难度和识记遍数下的回忆成绩和FOK判断等级差异显著,但输出控制中的反应标准值没受这些因素的影响;实验二结果是严格和宽松奖惩条件下的反应标准值差异显著,严格条件下的反应标准显著高于宽松条件下的反应标准,表明奖惩条件对信息提取中的反应标准有显著影响     

Age,criterion flexibility,and item recognition

We examined young and older adults' ability to flexibly adapt response criterion on a recognition test when the probability that a test item had been studied was cued by test color. One word color signaled that the probability of the test item being old was 70% and a second color signaled that the probability of the test item being new was 70%. Young and older adults demonstrated similar levels of criterion shifting in response to color cues. Moreover, although both young and older adults were slowed when test-item color incorrectly predicted test-item status, the extent of slowing did not differ across age group. Putative measures of cognitive control predicted recognition accuracy but not the degree to which criterion changed with test-item color. These results suggest that adaptive criterion shifting does not tax cognitive control or, if it does require effort, may be no more onerous for older than for young adults.     

一种新的等值准则及其适用范围的探讨

受假设检验方法的启发,该文引出了一种基于项目反应理论的新等值方法——平方根等值准则。它具有一些特点：定义式中答对、答错概率同时出现而不能互相替代;极易从0—1评分模式的版本转换到多级评分版本;它可以看成是Haebara等值准则的加权形式。以等值系数估计值的误差大小为衡量标准,以Wilcoxon符号秩检验为依据,大量的Monte Carlo模拟结果显示了一种有趣的现象,即等值方法的运用范围既与项目参数估计精度有关,又与等值系数A的范围有关,但与另一个等值系数B的范围无关。当项目参数估计精度较高或中等而A取值在0.9～1.3之间,新方法往往比Stocking_Lord方法和Haebara方法的估计误差小且有显著性差异,当项目参数估计精度较低时,而A从1.0～2.0时新方法都有优越性。     

Exposure-based treatment to control excessive blood glucose monitoring.

We investigated an exposure‐based procedure for reducing excessive checking of blood glucose by a child with diabetes. In a changing criterion design, an exposure‐based procedure was implemented by systematically exposing the child to decreasing amounts of information about blood sugar levels (checking) and thereby increasing exposure to potential hypoglycemia. Access to information was reduced in graduated increments, with the parents setting criteria to levels at which they were willing to adhere. Results demonstrated that the procedure was effective in reducing excessive blood glucose checking and in improving metabolic control.