从中药的安全性谈中药产业的危机管理

药物的安全性是药物评价的首要标准。《欧盟传统药品法案》对中药的技术壁垒和我国对某些中药的毒副作用的披露,使得中药的安全性问题日益突出,使得中药产业面临前所未有的危机。对中药安全性的理性认识是扩大其国内市场占有率、走向国际市场所必须突破的瓶颈,也是中药产业危机管理的必由通道。这是一场深刻的文化革命。     

灾难中的心理危机干预——精神病学的视角

灾难事件是一种特殊类型的生活事件,因其超出个体应对能力,因此灾难事件后常并发一系列的精神卫生问题。急性应激障碍、创伤后应激障碍、抑郁症、自杀是灾后常见精神卫生问题。本文回顾了近年来灾难事件相关精神障碍的研究,并总结了去年发生在我国的两次重大灾难性事件的相关研究结果,从精神病学视角对灾难事件后心理危机干预策略进行了探讨。     

关于严重突发事件危机干预的研究评述

对国外关于严重突发事件危机干预的研究作了概览与评述。认为有两点值得关注：其一,危机干预中的评估的重要性。在干预中,评估是进行干预的前提条件,更贯穿干预过程的始终。干预者必须通过不断评估确定危机的严重程度,不断确定当事人的心理状态,才能确定采用相应的应付策略和支持系统等。其二,国外许多不同的干预模式具有3个特征：一是阶段划分技术,将干预过程划分为不同的阶段,针对不同阶段的特点采取不同的措施与策略。二是整合倾向,将不同的干预模式、支持资源加以整合,使干预的效果达到最佳水平。三是特异性发展,即针对不同人群、不同应激情境作深度拓展,发挥干预的特异性效果。“非典”流行对我国的危机干预体系是一个严峻的考验,我国面对严重突发事件的危机干预体系还有待于健全。虽然不能照搬外国的干预模式,但是其思路与技术、经验与教训还是值得我们借鉴的。     

基于心理痛苦理论与决策树的中学生心理危机分类模型

中学生心理危机分类模型属于复杂数据模型，本文采用分类树算法探究家庭、校园、同伴和个体因素在中学生心理危机分类中的相对重要性差异，尤其是心理痛苦三因素对致死性危机的独特作用。结果显示：（1）中学生自杀危机和非致死性危机分类树的分类效果良好，自伤危机分类树的分类效果欠佳；（2）中学生自杀危机中，痛苦逃避最为重要，痛苦唤醒次之，之后为痛苦体验和学校满意度；（3）中学生自伤危机中，同伴问题行为最为重要，之后为父母陪伴和家庭监督；（4）中学生非致死性危机中，歧视知觉最为重要，之后为痛苦唤醒和同伴支持。提示中学生不同心理危机的促发机制存在差异，心理痛苦三因素模型在自杀分类模型中作用显著，但并非自伤危机和非致死性危机的关键变量。     

An overview of applied robust methods

Data in social sciences are typically non-normally distributed and characterized by heavy tails. However, most widely used methods in social sciences are still based on the analyses of sample means and sample covariances. While these conventional methods continue to be used to address new substantive issues, conclusions reached can be inaccurate or misleading. Although there is no ‘best method’ in practice, robust methods that consider the distribution of the data can perform substantially better than the conventional methods. This article gives an overview of robust procedures, emphasizing a few that have been repeatedly shown to work well for models that are widely used in social and behavioural sciences. Real data examples show how to use the robust methods for latent variable models and for moderated mediation analysis when a regression model contains categorical covariates and product terms. Results and logical analyses indicate that robust methods yield more efficient parameter estimates, more reliable model evaluation, more reliable model/data diagnostics, and more trustworthy conclusions when conducting replication studies. R and SAS programs are provided for routine applications of the recommended robust method.     

See the devil and tame him

Born in 1921, professor of philosophy at the University of Warsaw and art theory in the Polish Academy of Sciences; has published twelve books and more than three hundred articles (bibliography in volume 14 of A. Mercier (ed.).Philosophers on Their Own Work. Bern: 1990) ranging over the history of aesthetics, Marxist and Soviet aesthetics, and issues related to the status of the arts in contemporary Western culture.     

Ecological influences in youth crisis shelters: Effects of social density and length of stay on youth problem behaviors

For 472 consecutive days we monitored the number of youths residing in a crisis shelter for adolescents, the average length of stay for the youths residing in the shelter on each day, and the number of problem behaviors occurring within the shelter on a daily basis. We analyzed these data using a combination of time series and logistic regression techniques to fit a model that would predict the occurrence of a problem behavior on any given day. After controlling for significant time trends in the data, our results indicate that both the number of youths in the shelter and the proportion of youths who have resided in the shelter longer than 14 days are significantly associated with a problem behavior occurring on any given day. The number of youths in the shelter and the probability of a problem behavior occurring correlated significantly. However, as the proportion of youths who resided in the shelter longer than 14 days increased, the probability of a problem behavior occurring decreased.     

The role of self-compassion during difficult economic times

Background and objectives: The negative effects of the financial crisis of 2007/2008 are still being felt today as seen in the relatively high levels of youth unemployment in many countries. As a result, many young people experience high stress levels when facing an uncertain and precarious job market.

Methods: Participants were 178 undergraduate students (79% female; M_age?=?20.00, SD?=?4.29) who were randomly assigned to read a news article that documented an uncertain financial future with limited job opportunities (the economic stress group), or an article that documented a tour of the Royal Canadian Mint (the control group). The role of self-compassion was explored in its relation to distress.

Results: Correlational and hierarchical regression analyses indicated that, in the economic stress group, self-compassion negatively predicted anxiety above and beyond self-esteem and familial support. In the control group, however, self-compassion did not negatively predict anxiety above and beyond self-esteem and familial support. Additionally, structural equation modeling indicated that self-compassion was directly associated with lower anxiety and indirectly related to anxiety through perceptions of financial threat.

Conclusions: These findings suggest that self-compassion may be an important resource that is associated with less distress during times of economic threat.     

When rock bottom rocks your world: Crisis of belief as a catalyst for change

An experience of severe difficulty can turn the world upside-down, causing individuals to question important beliefs with which they identify. This phenomenon, which we label as Crisis of Belief (COB), amalgamates the disparate conceptualizations of crisis that exist across several subdisciplines of psychology. Unlike existing ideas of crisis, COB distinguishes itself from stress or trauma alone, and is a clearly specified construct that lends itself to practical operationalization and study. Thus, COB addresses a key gap in literature and offers unique value for understanding how hardship that affects closely held beliefs can catalyze change. We conclude by describing the potential utility of COB as a predictor of both positive (e.g., life satisfaction) and negative (e.g., depression) outcomes and the pressing need for a validated measure.     

家庭抗逆力理论在风险应对领域的应用：演变、价值及挑战

家庭抗逆力理论是近年来风险应对研究领域中被引最高的理论之一。该理论的提出源自McCubbin等人对军人家庭应对战争危机的观察与思考,得益于早期学者对家庭压力和家庭系统理论的探究。经数次修订后,该理论经历了由静态特征到动态变化的发展过程,形成了一个具有较广泛内涵与外延的理论体系。其早期应用集中于创伤修复、家庭压力应对等主题,之后涉及复原力等更丰富的研究议题,已成为临床干预工作的实践导引和COVID-19大流行以来国家和社会、家庭和个体层面“危机事件—适应能力”关系的重要解释机制。其应用面临来自元理论研究、方法学及跨文化与社会变迁观点的挑战。未来研究应明晰概念与整合模型、使用混合方法与制定评估指标体系、强化家庭抗逆力理论的本土化研究与构建中国特色家庭抗逆力理论体系。