Remaining Radical? Organizational Predictors of Rape Crisis Centers' Social Change Initiatives

Rape crisis centers have undergone significant changes since their birth during the feminist movement of the 1970s. As has happened with many other radical social movements, there is growing evidence that the antirape movement has become more institutionalized. This research used a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods to examine the current structure and functions of a national random sample of 168 rape crisis centers. An organizational-level model predicting involvement in three types of social change activities was tested: (a) participation in public demonstrations to raise awareness about sexual assault; (b) political lobbying for violence against women legislation; and (c) primary prevention programs to eliminate sexual violence against women. Results of logit modeling suggested that how long a rape crisis center had been in existence moderated the relationships between organizational characteristics and involvement in community activism. Findings of this study suggest that although many of today's centers bear little resemblance to the grass-roots collectives of years past, rape crisis centers have been remarkably adaptive in weathering changing political climates to continue to provide comprehensive services for rape victims.     

Deterrence and Coercive Diplomacy: The Contributions of Alexander George

Alexander George was a towering figure who made path breaking and enduring contributions to political psychology, international relations, and social science methodology. I focus on George's closely related research programs on deterrence and coercive diplomacy, with special attention to the importance of the asymmetry of motivation, strategies for "designing around" a deterrent threat, the controllability of risks, images of the adversary, signaling, the sequential failure of deterrence, the role of positive inducements along with coercive threats, and the need for actor-specific models of the adversary. In the process, I highlight other elements of George's theoretically and methodologically integrated research program: his conceptions of the proper role of theory; his emphasis on the infeasibility of a universal theory and the need for conditional generalizations that are historically grounded, sensitive to context, bounded by scope conditions, and useful for policy makers; and the indispensability of process tracing in theoretically driven case studies.     

中医科学危机与对策

我国中医药资源非常丰富。但是,中医把中医药资源放在思辨的辨证论治理论框架上。实证的现代医药风暴袭来,取代了中医在国家医学的主体地位,截走了国际中药市场,我国甚至已成为中药净进口国家。中医陷入自我实现的科学危机。辨证论治理论僵化中医学术性质和中医观念、抑制中医生产力、阻碍中医技术产品创新和市场交流,严重阻碍中医药经济发展。所以,批判以辨证论治为核心的错误中医理论,是化解中医科学危机的战略决策。     

“操作性定义”和“证伪标准”不足以为心理学奠基

在学科的主流叙事中, “科学性”被视为心理学的基本特征。长久以来, 实证主义的方法论为心理学提供了学科精神内涵。具体而言, “操作性定义”和“证伪标准”成为了心理学“科学性”甚至知识的合法性的判断标准。可心理学的这个方法论基础存在几个方面的问题：首先, 并非所有的科学概念都可以给予操作性定义; 其次, 全称存在命题和统计规律无法经验证实和证伪; 其三, 共有的自然科学方法不足以体现心理学的独特价值。因此, 来自于成熟自然科学的方法论并不足以为作为独立学科的心理学奠基, 心理学背后的本体论承诺对本学科的方法选取有自己特殊的要求, 只有本体论承诺才能为心理学作为独立学科提供逻辑起点。重新反思心理学作为独立学科的逻辑基础, 对于解决学科分裂危机具有建设性意义。     

焦点解决短期治疗对青少年心理危机干预的哲学思辨

采用维特根斯坦的“图像说”和“语言游戏说”,对比了对青少年心理危机干预中当事人语言表达的不同理解。后基于“语言游戏说”,总结了焦点解决短期治疗在心理危机干预中的具体实践方法,突出体现了其受到维特根斯坦语言哲学的影响,把心理干预的关注点放在对当事人语言本身的诠释上,把治疗结果看作摆脱语言设限后的各种可能性上,进而为化解危机找到各种更为便捷的途径。也体现了焦点解决短期治疗是一种有别于传统认识论的干预模式,是一种在哲学思维上的干预。

     

1923年日本关东大地震后医疗救援与疫病防控

关东大地震是工业时代城市区域罕见的巨型灾害,严重破坏了受灾地的医疗系统。巨灾损坏了城市生命线工程和公共卫生体系,扰乱了城市生活秩序,阻碍了医疗救援的实施。日本动员了多层力量,包括军队、警察、当地政府、红十字会及其他救援队,实施了医疗救援。此外,建立传染病监控机制,强化公共卫生管理,加强对民众的防疫教育。通过医疗救援,恢复和重建了灾区的医疗系统,为疫病防控赢得了主动权。关东大地震后的医疗救援和疫病防控是近代灾害医疗的大规模实践,尽管存在诸多问题,但也促进了公共卫生治理和灾害危机管理体系的完善。