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771.
Brady SS 《Aggressive behavior》2007,33(6):519-525
Links between media violence exposure and favorable attitudes toward interpersonal violence are well established, but few studies have examined whether associations extend to include favorable attitudes toward institutional forms of aggression. Studies on this topic have not assessed multiple forms of media use and statistically controlled for individual characteristics likely to influence attitudes beyond sociodemographic information. In this study, undergraduate students (N=319) aged 18-20 years (56% male) completed a survey assessing media use (number of hours per week spent playing videogames, watching movies/TV shows, watching TV sports) and attitudes toward interpersonal violence, punitive criminal justice policies, and different types of military activities (preparedness/defense and aggressive intervention). Greater number of hours spent watching TV contact sports was associated with more favorable attitudes toward military preparedness/defense, aggressive military intervention, and punitive criminal justice policies among men independently of parental education, lifetime violence exposure within the home and community, aggressive personality, and constrained problem solving style. Greater number of hours spent watching violent movies/TV was associated with more favorable attitudes toward military preparedness/defense among men and with more favorable attitudes toward interpersonal violence and punitive criminal justice policies among women, but these associations became non-significant when adjusting for covariates. 相似文献
772.
773.
MacDonall JS 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2003,79(2):219-232
Performance on concurrent schedules can be decomposed to run lengths (the number of responses before switching alternatives), or visit durations (time at an alternative before switching alternatives), that are a function of the ratio of the rates of reinforcement for staying and switching. From this analysis, a model of concurrent performance was developed and examined in two experiments. The first exposed rats to variable-interval schedules for staying and for switching, which included a changeover delay for reinforcers following a switch. With the changeover delay, run lengths and visit durations were functions of the ratios of the rates of reinforcement for staying and for switching, as found by previous research not using a changeover delay. The second directly assessed the effect of a changeover delay on run lengths and visit durations. Each component of a multiple schedule consisted of equivalent stay and switch schedules but only one component included a changeover delay. Run lengths and visit durations were longer when a changeover delay was used. Because visit duration is the reciprocal of changeover rate, these results are consistent with the established finding that a changeover delay reduces the frequency of switching. Together these results support the local model of concurrent performance as an alternative to the generalized matching law as a model of concurrent performance. The local model may be preferred when accounting for more molecular aspects of concurrent performance. 相似文献
774.
Salazar LF Baker CK Price AW Carlin K 《American journal of community psychology》2003,32(3-4):253-264
To be effective, criminal justice policies should affect the underlying social norms for which the policies were enacted. This study sought to determine whether public perceptions of criminal justice policies on domestic violence affected social norms. Two waves of data were collected via a telephone survey where a random probability sample of 973 residents was drawn from 4 communities. A structural equation model was tested and confirmed. Results provided strong support for the hypothesis that perceptions of criminal justice policies have direct effects on attitudes toward criminal justice response, and indirect effects on victim-blaming attitudes, both underlying social norms related to domestic violence. The enactment of criminal justice policies, therefore, may have an impact beyond victims and perpetrators and lead to a transformation of the community through the emergence of new social norms. Public awareness campaigns designed to disseminate criminal justice policies may be instrumental in provoking social change. 相似文献
775.
John C. Malone 《Journal of Behavioral Education》2003,12(2):85-89
Behaviorism has changed over the past half century and its modern form is not familiar to many educators and other applied professionals. Put briefly, behaviorism has changed from the molecular and absolutist form of years past, when basic researchers, therapists and educators sought to modify isolated target behaviors. Modern behaviorism is relativistic and molar and the articles included in this issue are meant to illustrate this changed emphasis. The first article shows how the matching law has redefined the old law of effect and how that affects application. The second shows how relational frames provide a behavioral treatment of cognitive variables that dispels the stereotyped view of behavior modification. The third treats molar classes of behaviors as traits, and individual behaviors as states, applying that distinction to aspects of the relative frequencies of behaviors of children at home and at school. Finally, the last article shows specifically how behavioral methods have been (and are) applied to the behavior of autistic children, in a program that has been extremely successful over the past few years. 相似文献
776.
Szebik I 《Science and engineering ethics》2003,9(1):109-124
Corruption is a major problem in the societies of the post-communist Central European countries. Corruption in health care
has some unique characteristics undermining the efficacy of and respect for Hungarian health care. One of the forms of corruption
is tipping. This highly contested phenomenon is present in most of the patient/health professional’s interactions in a sophisticated
manner, raising serious ethical and legal dilemmas. The present paper analyzes tipping and other corruption-related factors,
such as financial conflict of interest between industry and health care and argues that since ethical and legal considerations
are often ignored in the country, patient care and clinical research are affected by these controversial issues to a great
extent. 相似文献
777.
James Drane's More Humane Medicine: A Liberal Catholic Bioethics is an outstanding contribution to the study of bioethics in our day. Catholics and others who are interested in the issues discussed here will benefit from this masterful treatment. The author opens with a set of definitions, starting with what he means by a "more humane medicine." Drane contends that a more humane medicine has become necessary and desired, but not because the traditional medical ethic as "a self-declared and self-imposed ethic, outlining what noble service to others entails" is no longer valid. Rather he defines it as an advance on the traditional ethic; a "new foundation" based on a "lived set of obligations derived from a felt commitment to other persons ... an ethics based on the relationship between doctors and patients and essentially an ethics of virtue." Drane's work is a "liberal Catholic Bioethics" in which he challenges his own faith tradition, the Roman Catholic Church, on such topics as sexuality, birth control, abortion, cloning, stem cell research, aging and dying, and euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide. The present article is a critical essay that analyzes the author's statements and conclusions. 相似文献
778.
Summary This contribution offers an evaluation of e contrario reasoning in which the interpretation of a legal rule is based on the
context of the law system (contextual e contrario reasoning). A model is presented which will show all the explicit and implicit
elements of the argument at work and will also point out how these distinct parts are interrelated. By questioning the content
and justificatory power of these elements, the weak spots in the argument can be laid bare. It will be argued that e contrario
reasoning inevitably requires a dubious argumentative step, which renders the argument intrinsically weak. The model is applied
to a European lawsuit on French cheese. 相似文献
779.
Reconstructing Complex Analogy Argumentation
in Judicial Decisions: A Pragma-Dialectical Perspective
Empirical research in the field of legal interpretation shows that, in many cases, analogy argumentation is complex rather
than simple. Traditional analytical approaches to analogy argumentation do not explore that complexity. In most cases analogy
argumentation is reconstructed as a simple form of argumentation that consists of two premises and a conclusion. This article
focuses on the question of how to analyze and evaluate complex analogy argumentation. It is shown how the pragma-dialectical
approach provides clues for analyzing complex analogy argumentation and how the criteria for evaluating analogy argumentation
can be used to reconstruct these types of complex analogy argumentation in Dutch case law. The critical questions in the argumentation
scheme do not only serve as a tool for analyzing arguments justifying analogy argumentation, but are also helpful in analyzing
arguments against a specific analogy argumentation. 相似文献
780.
In this paper the argument from coherence is submitted to a critical analysis. First, it is argued to be a complex form of
coordinative argumentation, structured on various argumentative levels. Then, using the pragma-dialectical theory of argumentation
a distinction is brought out between two basic forms of the argument from coherence: in one use this argument occurs as a
sequence of two symptomatic arguments; in the other use we have a main symptomatic argument supported by a subordinate pragmatic
argument. Finally, from an evaluative point of view it is assessed whether the argument from coherence can be found acceptable
as a tool for settling disputes. It is claimed that in general, we can welcome this argumentative structure as sound and fully
acceptable provided that we are aware of the interpretative discretion its use implies.
A preliminary version of this essay was presented at the symposium organised by the Department of Speech Communication, Argumentation
Theory, and Rhetoric at the University of Amsterdamon the 27/02/04. I wish to express my indebtedness to Dora Achourioti,
Francesco Belvisi, Frans van Eemeren, Eveline Feteris, Bart Garssen, Jean Wagemans, Peter Houtlosser, and Henrike Jansen for
their helpful remarks. Needless to say, the responsibility for the views expressed herein as well as for any errors of form
or content rests solely with me. 相似文献