The Many Faces of Malingering and Participant Response Strategies: New Methodologies in the Attachment and Clinical Issues Questionnaire (ACIQ)

Four studies created malingering and response bias scales for a new test battery, the Attachment and Clinical Issues Questionnaire (ACIQ). In the first calibration study, a new approach to identifying fake good and fake bad respondents was outlined. In Study 2, this scale was cross validated in a within-subjects design that also found only weak correlations between the scales of the ACIQ and measures of social desirability. The third study developed a method violator scale (one who responds randomly to the content of the scales due to carelessness, low IQ, etc.). It was tested by Monte Carlo and empirical studies. The fourth study combined the two cross validation studies to offer clear cutoffs for the practitioner. These studies successfully led to the creation of malingering and response bias scales for the ACIQ and also introduced new methods that could be adapted to other instruments.     

Imitation and Creativity: Beneficial Effects of Propulsion Strategies and Specificity

Prior studies examining imitation of exemplar solutions have produced a mixed pattern of findings with some studies indicating that exemplar imitation contributes to creative problem‐solving and other studies indicating that it may inhibit creative problem‐solving. In the present effort, it is argued that the effects of exemplar imitation on creative problem‐solving depend on the strategies people use when working with exemplars. In the present study, people were asked to provide advertising campaigns in response to a marketing problem. Prior to starting work on this problem, manipulations were made in exemplar content. Imitation strategies used in problem‐solving, for example, forward incrementation, and redefinition, were assessed. It was found that imitation strategies were strongly related to the production of higher quality, more original, and more elegant advertising campaigns. Moreover, use of these strategies was facilitated when more specific information was presented in exemplar solutions. The implications of these findings for understanding the role of imitation in creative problem‐solving are discussed.     

Assessment Use by Counselors in the United States: Implications for Policy and Practice

Although assessment use is a professional activity recognized by every major counseling organization, little is known about which assessments are used in counseling. In this study, 926 respondents from a random national sample of counselors reported their use of personality, projective, career, intelligence/cognitive, educational/achievement, clinical/behavioral, and environmental/interpersonal tests. Test rankings by frequency of use and comparisons by type of counselor and type of test are reported. Implications for policy and practice are discussed.     

青少年创造性人格和创造性的关系：来自中美比较的证据

通过对中美400名13-15岁青少年问卷调查,比较了中美青少年创造性人格及其与创造性之间的关系.结果发现：（1）和单个创造性人格变量相比,创造性人格的内部因素、外部因素和自我因素和创造性之间的相关均达到中等程度,且均非常显著,中国青少年创造性人格三个因素能解释创造性变异的11％,美国青少年创造性人格三个因素能解释创造性变异的15％.（2）在创造性上,美国青少年在所有维度上的得分均显著高于中国青少年,但在创造性人格上,只有在自我因素上,中国青少年创造性人格得分高于美国青少年,其他因素不存在差异,这说明创造性人格不是造成中美青少年创造性差异的主要原因.     

道家人格的测量

以对道家人格的界定及道家人格结构理论模型为基础,从道家经典著作中收集到486个描述人的词汇,经由意义分析和初测保留了45个项目,选取了中国人整体思维方式量表作为对道家认知思维方式的测量。道家人格量表在四个不同年龄样本中的探索及验证性因素分析均支持了一阶十维、二阶＂真＂、＂伪＂的二维结构。道家人格量表内部一致性系数和重测信度系数分别介于0.63～0.88之间和0.66～0.89之间。各题项与其所属维度间及各维度间的相关分别介于0.48～0.89之间和-0.11～0.53之间。未来研究需要进一步探究道家人格各维度的丰富内涵并编制具有针对性的道家认知思维方式量表。     

自我损耗对科学发明问题解决中原型启发效应的影响

采用E-crossing任务和科学发明问题材料,探讨自我损耗对科学发明问题解决中原型启发效应的影响。结果发现：（1）自我损耗在原型激活率、关键启发信息激活率和问题解决正确率上的主效应显著,损耗组的原型激活率、关键启发信息激活率和问题解决正确率均低于控制组;（2）问题解决范式在原型激活率、关键启发信息激活率和问题解决正确率上的主效应显著,“一对一”范式下的原型激活率、关键启发信息激活率和问题解决正确率均高于“十对十”范式。结果表明,自我损耗导致的自我控制资源消耗不利于原型启发效应。     

What Makes an Idea Risky? The Relations between Perceptions of Idea Novelty,Usefulness, and Risk

Individuals and organizations frequently tout creative ideas as a desirable goal, and yet, creative ideas are frequently rejected. Creativity researchers have often suggested that creative ideas are rejected because they are perceived as riskier due to their inherent novelty or originality. Although this assumption is prevalent, we are unaware of any empirical research directly examining the relations between perceptions of novelty and risk. We provide an empirical test of this assumption in two studies in which participants rate the novelty, usefulness, and riskiness of ideas. Across both studies, we find consistent support for the idea that usefulness, rather than novelty, has the strongest relation with risk perceptions. We also find some evidence that novelty and usefulness interact to predict perceptions of risk. Additionally, in Study 2, we find that usefulness has the strongest relation with willingness to invest and buy a product. The findings of this study suggest that the bias against creativity may be driven by the perceived usefulness of an idea, rather than its novelty, such that ideas with lower usefulness are perceived to be riskier.     

Never Ending Stories? Hebrew Writers' Creative Journey in the Second Half of Life

This qualitative study explored the relationship between creativity, time, age, and the literary world among 16 award-winning Israeli writers in the second half of their lives. Based on data collected through in-depth interviews with the participants, the findings indicate that the writers' creativity in the second half of life was linked to Preservation, Growth, and Decline, leading to four interrelated dimensions: (a) preserving youth through creativity, (b) enhancing creativity over time, (c) navigating creativity, acclaim, and ageism, and (d) managing creativity amidst a changing world. The study found that the writers' creativity was enhanced over time, as they gained experience and developed their skills. However, some writers experienced a decline in stamina or their ability to write long novels. The study also found that the writers' experiences of acceptance from the literary world and the audience changed over time. Some writers continued to receive acclaim and attention, while others experienced ageism and a decline in the audience's interest in their work.     

Direction of dependence in measurement error models

Methods to determine the direction of a regression line, that is, to determine the direction of dependence in reversible linear regression models (e.g., x→y vs. y→x), have experienced rapid development within the last decade. However, previous research largely rested on the assumption that the true predictor is measured without measurement error. The present paper extends the direction dependence principle to measurement error models. First, we discuss asymmetric representations of the reliability coefficient in terms of higher moments of variables and the attenuation of skewness and excess kurtosis due to measurement error. Second, we identify conditions where direction dependence decisions are biased due to measurement error and suggest method of moments (MOM) estimation as a remedy. Third, we address data situations in which the true outcome exhibits both regression and measurement error, and propose a sensitivity analysis approach to determining the robustness of direction dependence decisions against unreliably measured outcomes. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to assess the performance of MOM-based direction dependence measures and their robustness to violated measurement error assumptions (i.e., non-independence and non-normality). An empirical example from subjective well-being research is presented. The plausibility of model assumptions and links to modern causal inference methods for observational data are discussed.