临终患者不同救治态度的转归及影响因素分析

分析ICU终末期患者不同救治方式的临床转归及其影响因素。根据患者家属救治态度分为三组,1组明确要求积极救治;2组要求维持现有治疗;3组放弃所有治疗。结果发现积极还是放弃治疗的选择与患者家属经济状况明显相关,家庭经济条件较好的患者家属倾向于选择积极治疗,经济差者倾向于选择放弃治疗。1组患者ICU住院时间长、日均费用最高,...     

刺激类型与预先信息对任务切换的影响

为揭示联结竞争与任务设置重构在切换加工过程中的关系,以切换代价为指标,研究了刺激类型与预先信息对任务切换的影响效应,结果发现:(1)无信息的切换代价显著高于部分信息和全部信息的切换代价,而后二者之间无显著差异;(2)单向刺激的切换代价显著高于双向刺激的切换代价;(3)预先信息和刺激类型对切换代价的影响无交互作用。这表明任务设置重构与联结竞争是两个具有相加效应的序列认知活动。     

支付与报复：成本形式对第三方惩罚的影响

第三方惩罚不仅对惩罚成本的数量敏感,也对成本形式敏感。在保持成本数量相等的情况下,不同形式的惩罚成本会对第三方惩罚的频率产生不同影响。相较支付形式,当惩罚成本采取报复形式时,被试的第三方惩罚频率显著下降。进一步的实验表明,惩罚频率的变化并非因为不同的成本形式所隐含的风险水平有所差异,而是因为被试对不同的成本形式赋予了不同的主观价值。进一步探索更多形式的惩罚成本是未来研究的重要方向。     

汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童快速命名缺陷的眼动研究

关于汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童的快速命名缺陷存在两种理论争论：副中央凹预视效益小和副中央凹负荷代价大。本研究采用修订后的汉字快速命名范式,操纵副中央凹预视和负荷两个变量,记录阅读障碍、年龄以及能力匹配儿童的眼动轨迹,区分两种理论争论。结果发现汉语阅读障碍儿童在副中央凹预视效益量上小于年龄匹配组,但在负荷代价上并无显著差异。该结果支持汉语阅读障碍儿童的快速命名缺陷源于副中央凹预视效益小,而非负荷代价大的观点。     

Simulation and multi‐attribute utility modelling of life cycle profit

Investments on capital goods are assessed with respect to the life cycle profit as well as the economic lifetime of the investment. The outcome of an investment with respect to these economic criteria is generally non‐deterministic. An assessment of different investment options thus requires probabilistic modelling to explicitly account for the uncertainties. A process for the assessment of life cycle profit and the evaluation of the adequacy of the assessment is developed. The primary goal of the assessment process is to aid the decision‐maker in structuring and quantifying investment decision problems characterized by multiple criteria and uncertainty. The adequacy of the assessment process can be evaluated by probabilistic criteria indicating the degree of uncertainty in the assessment. Bayesian inference is used to re‐evaluate the initial assessment, as evidence of the system performance becomes available. Thus authentication of contracts of guarantee is supported. Numerical examples are given to demonstrate features of the described life cycle profit assessment process. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Inaction inertia, the sunk cost effect, and handedness: Avoiding the losses of past decisions

Strength of handedness, or the degree to which an individual prefers to use a single hand to perform various tasks, is a neurological marker for brain organization and has been shown to be linked to episodic memory, attribute framing, and anchoring, as well as other domains and tasks. The present work explores the relationship of handedness to both inaction inertia (the inclination to resist an action after previously bypassing a similar action) as well as to the sunk cost effect (the tendency to continue to engage in a behavior after an initial investment of time or money has been made). In Experiment 1, mixed-handers displayed a larger inaction inertia effect than strong-handers. In Experiment 2, they displayed a larger sunk cost effect than strong-handers. Experiments 3 and 4 extended the sunk cost finding into a different domain and explored how mixed- and strong-handers react to additional information designed to increase the comparative advantage of terminating, rather than continuing, a failed project. Overall, we found that mixed-handers were more likely to show inertia effects because of an increased aversion to losses. The results of Experiment 4 suggest that, when provided with additional information that made it clear that continuing a project would be a greater loss than terminating it, mixed-handers no longer showed a larger sunk cost effect than strong-handers, highlighting the importance of carefully considering exactly how sunk cost scenarios are worded and providing additional information on how mixed- and strong-handers differ in belief updating.     

眼跳发起位置对预视效应的影响

本文试图用实验的方法，通过调整目标词在句子中的位置，操纵目标词上注视点的眼跳发起位置，考察该变量对预视效应的影响。主要结果发现，和目标词上注视点的眼跳发起距离近的条件相比，眼跳发起距离远时凝视时间和回视路径时间的预视效应更大；但对数据的进一步分析表明这是一种阻碍效应。虽然“预视效益”这个词常用来代表预视加工，它实质包含了预视促进和阻碍两种不同的加工。本研究的结果有助于大家理解这两种不同性质的加工及其可能的影响因素。