团队人格组成、团队过程对团队有效性的作用

由于团队对组织的重要性,团队有效性的研究倍受关注。通过对342个大学生短期团队完成决策任务的研究,旨在探讨团队人格组成与团队中间过程对团队有效性的作用机制。研究以自陈式问卷调查收集数据,采用层次回归与结构方程模型进行统计分析。研究结果表明：团队过程变量（协作、信念、凝聚力）在团队人格组成（外向性、宜人性、神经质）与团队有效性之间起中介作用,横断研究的I-P-O整体模型得到验证     

A general latent trait model for response processes

The purpose of the current paper is to propose a general multicomponent latent trait model (GLTM) for response processes. The proposed model combines the linear logistic latent trait (LLTM) with the multicomponent latent trait model (MLTM). As with both LLTM and MLTM, the general multicomponent latent trait model can be used to (1) test hypotheses about the theoretical variables that underlie response difficulty and (2) estimate parameters that describe test items by basic substantive properties. However, GLTM contains both component outcomes and complexity factors in a single model and may be applied to data that neither LLTM nor MLTM can handle. Joint maximum likelihood estimators are presented for the parameters of GLTM and an application to cognitive test items is described.This research was partially supported by the National Institute of Education grant number NIE-6-7-0156 to Susan Embretson (Whitely), principal investigator. However the optinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect the position or policy of the National Institute of Education, and no official endorsement by the National Institute of Education should be inferred.     

ON IAN HARBOUR'S ISSUES IN SCIENCE AND RELIGION

Abstract. Although Ian Barbour endorses process organicism in Issues in Science and Religion , his rhetoric against vitalism and dualism makes his discussion of life, mind, and the part-whole relationship sound like relational emergentism and hence like a denial of process philosophy's nondualistic interactionism. Also his rhetoric against a God of the gaps seems to exclude the God-shaped hole in Alfred North Whitehead's philosophy. A more consistent articulation of Whitehead's postmodern position would lead to greater adequacy and consistency on these issues, and perhaps also to a more radically postmodern view of science—a view which Whitehead himself only sometimes suggested.     

Meta-diagnosis: Towards a hermeneutical perspective in medicine with an emphasis on alcoholism

This essay argues that making a diagnosis in medicine is essentially a hermeneutic enterprise, one in which interpretation skills play a major part in understanding a disease. The clinical encounter is an event comprised of two voices; one is the voice of science which is grounded in empiricism, the other is that of human experience, which is grounded in story-telling and the interpretation of those stories.Using two voices, one from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-III-Revised, which describes alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence, and the other, that of Claire, a character in Edward Albee's play, A Delicate Balance, who is conversing with her brother-in-law, Tobias, I apply principles from Hans-Georg Gadamer's hermeneutics to the clinical diagnostic process. The essay will demonstrate that we overlook an enormous amount of information about alcoholism by an overreliance on objective data and that our hope for understanding alcoholics is in listening to their voices, and sharing the interpretation of their experiences with them.     

The Grouping Process Across Cultural Change

Based on their extensive experience working with individuals, families, groups and organizations in Greece, the authors describe therapeutic techniques for helping individuals understand and work through the acculturation process. Tasks and procedures employed at various social levels--dyads, triads, small groups of four to six members, and large groups of 18-25--are catalysts for the exploration and clarification of the ways in which old norms and roles are being modified, weakened, or distorted by cultural change, and for the redefinition of values and expectations.     

汉字内隐记忆的实验研究(Ⅲ):检验加工分离说的修正模型

实验1和实验2依据目标字和非目标字两种条件,比较了再认、整字偏好、包含、排除四类测验。在“过程不纯净”假设的前提下．检验了加工分离说（PDP）的修正模型并得到以下结果：（1）PDP修正馍型的结论与匹配比较法的结果吻合。本实验条件下,偏好测验是“纯净”的．但无意识影响参与了再认测验。（2）PDP修正模型关于R＞R。的理论结果得到了目标字与非目标字两种条件下的实验的证实。另外．关于无意识影响遵循的规律与指导语无关的理论推测也得到了证实。（3）再认与偏好测验出现了功能分离。PDP修正模型可以解释其本质。（4）750ms呈现刺激时,反应倾向的规津是：外显过程比内隐过程严格;两过程均不受注意程度的作用而发生波动。     

多任务信息加工中的多道分时机制

学术界常用结构理论和资源理论来解释人在多任务信息加工中的作业表现。在多任务中起主要作用的认知能力,其表现形式主要为信息处理的速率以及加工和存储的容量。本研究利用多任务和任务速率的变化来研究信息处理的速率和多任务作业成绩的关系,认为大脑运行的时钟速率是资源的一种形式,大脑对该资源的分配采用多道分时的机制,某个任务获得的时间片越多,该任务的工作绩效就越好。研究表明,在一定的负荷下,信号速率的加快,任务数量的增加,人的作业成绩随着可用时间片的减少而下降。     

The Epic of Evolution as a Framework for Human Orientation in Life

This article sketches what is required of a world picture (religious or nonreligious) that is intended to provide orientation in the world for ongoing human life today. How do we move from conceptions and theories prominent in the modern sciences—such as cosmic and biological evolution—to an overall picture or cosmology which can orient us for the effective address of today's deepest human problems? A biohistoricalconception of the human is proposed in answer to this question.     

心理学研究的中国化：过程和道路

心理学研究的中国化过程和道路是相互联系的。通过对心理学发展历史的简略考察,提出心理学研究的中国化须经历验证对比国内外研究成果,研究中国人心理发展中特有的和重要的心理现象,建立适合中国国情的心理学概念、理论及研究方法等,其基本途径是学习、选择、中国化。在此基础上,探索心理学中国化的发展道路,即面向社会、在社会实践中研究心理学,加强心理学的现代化建设,使心理学为社会主义建设事业服务。     

A FEELING FOR THE FUTURE: THE PROCESS OF CHANGE AS EXPLORED BY FRED. L. POLAK AND BARBARA McCLINTOCK

Abstract. Fred. L. Polak explored the mechanisms of social change in terms of “future—visions” held by a community. The future, says Polak, participates actively in the present, providing part of the context within which today's decisions are made. Barbara McClintock acquired her insights in maize genetics by developing “a feeling for the organism.” New insights, she maintains, emerge through a mutual relationship between researcher and subject. Though scholars in different fields, both acknowledge the power of images in the creative process. There is a difference in the extent to which each scientist perceives this power to be available to create new ideas.