The Accessibility of Group Memberships

Abstract

The authors performed 2 experiments to examine the accessibility of thoughts about group memberships (i.e., collective self-cognitions) relative to thoughts about traits, states, and behaviors (i.e., private self-cognitions). Few collective self-cognitions were accessible for the present participants from an individualist culture. Furthermore, collective self-cognitions were highly associated with each other in a self-structure. The findings were interpreted in terms of the two-baskets theory that private and collective self-cognitions tend to be stored relatively separately in memory (D. Trafimow, H. C. Triandis, & S. G. Goto, 1991).     

声符与义符在形声字识别中的影响机制

形声字是汉字的主体,声符和义符作为形声字的构字部件,其各自的功能属性对形声字的识别具有不同的影响。当前研究采用多种实验任务,结合眼动以及脑电等多种技术,对声符和义符各自的功能属性及作用机制进行了较为全面的研究,这为后续研究奠定了良好的基础,并对未来汉字认知领域的研究具有重要的启示作用。     

Job characteristics: their relationship to job satisfaction,stress and depression

This study investigated the influences of job characteristics on job satisfaction, stress and depression among South African white collar workers. Participants were managers in full-time employment with large organisations. They completed the Job Diagnostic Survey, the Perceived Stress Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory. A regression approach was used to predict job satisfaction, stress and depression from job characteristics. Job characteristics (skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy and feedback) predicted job satisfaction, as well as stress and depression. Job characteristics are weak predictors of perceived stress and depression. Work related factors, such as interpersonal relations and organisational culture, may better predict mental health in work settings.     

Personal factors in talent retention in the South African banking industry

This study explored the influence of personal factors on job retention in a banking services sector setting. South African banking sector employees (n = 262) participated in the study (age range = 18–45 years; female = 62%, white = 57%). The participants were equally distributed in the different geographical locations (metropolitan areas = 53%, inland areas = 47%). The employees self-reported on their personal factors (emotional intelligence and self-esteem) and job retention factors. Regression analysis revealed personal factors as a composite variable to predict the talent retention factors of job characteristics, supervisor support, career opportunities, and work/life balance. Furthermore, the results indicated no significant differences in personal factors and retention factors by geographical location. The findings contribute new insights to the talent retention literature by presenting the importance of the personal attributes and demographical differences of employees.     

Subjective well-being and gender-typed attributes in adolescents: The relevance of emotional intelligence

Background: The link between subjective well-being (SWB), gender and emotional intelligence (EI) has been studied; however, it is not clear what kind of relationship has been established between these variables. The objective of this study was to examine the direct and indirect effects of EI in the relationship between gender-typed attributes and SWB. Method: The participants were 365 Spanish schoolchildren with a mean age of 13.9. The instruments used were the Spanish version of GRI-JUG (GRI-JUG-SP15) for gender-typed attributes, TMMS-24 for EI, PANASN for positive and negative affects, and SWLS for satisfaction with life. A mediational analysis was carried out using EI (attention, repair and clarity) as mediator in order to find out the effects on well-being. Results: The findings yielded that EI significantly mediated the relationship between gender-typed attributes and SWB. Particularly, clarity and repair are positively associated with SWB, whereas attention is negatively associated with SWB. Also, clarity and repair can be considered more important than attention in promoting SWB, according to the models of mediation and their effect size. Moreover, clarity and repair were mediators in feminine and masculine attributes while attention only was mediator for positive feminine attributes. Conclusion: For adolescents who claim to have positive feminine attributes, an aspect that would improve SWB is through the increase of clarity and repair and the decrease in attention. Further research is needed to examine the extent to which the pattern of results generalises in other contexts, and to explore the relevance of negative emotions in the development of affective-related issues.     

面孔认知的四个层面及FFA在其中的作用

面孔具有明显不同于其他刺激物的特点,面孔认知的目的也因此与其他物体认知的目的大相径庭。依据面孔认知的目的,本文将面孔认知划分为四个层面：将面孔区别于一般物体的第一层面,对面孔物理属性进行识别的第二层面,对面孔的生物属性进行识别的第三层面和对面孔的社会属性进行识别的第四层面。FFA是面孔加工的一个重要脑区,通过论述它对面孔认知各层面的作用,FFA在面孔加工中的作用被进一步明确。     

规则空间模型在描述统计学习模式识别中的应用研究

规则空间模型是一种将认知心理学和心理计量学相结合的认知诊断模型,它可用于判别被试的属性掌握模式和识别被试解题的认知错误。本文应用规则空间模型判别学生的属性掌握模式(即知识结构)。根据299名被试在测验项目上的作答反应将他们划归为30种不同的属性掌握模式。     

Is it advisable to include negative attributes to assess the stereotype content? Yes,but only in the morality dimension

Competence, morality and sociability dimensions have shown to be essential to measure stereotypes. Theoretically, the attributes associated with the negative pole of morality are more reliable and have shown to have higher evaluative weight. However, the current research usually employs only positive attributes to measure each dimension. Since the advantages of the inclusion of negative morality are clear it would be interesting to know about the effects of the inclusion of such type of attributes (i.e., it is good or bad for the measurement). The purpose of this study is to examine if the addition of negative items makes possible to improve the stereotype content measures. This study compares the differences between scales with various compositions of positive and negative items of stereotypes to predict three related variables: anger, fear and a semantic differential of evaluation. The study was carried out with a sample of 550 Spaniards. The data found highlights the importance of using attributes of the negative pole of morality in studying stereotypes. Their use was able to explain the intergroup emotional responses and the semantic differential more efficiently.     

Does variety seeking vary between hedonic and utilitarian products? The role of attribute type

The purpose of this paper is to consider attributes that stimulate variety seeking in hedonic and utilitarian product categories and examine the interaction of product category and attribute type on variety‐seeking behaviour. The results of 3 studies indicate that in hedonic product categories, consumers seek more variety in sensory attributes, whereas in utilitarian product categories, they seek more variety in functional attributes. This interaction effect is explained by the fact that the satiation rates of sensory and functional attributes depend on the nature of the product category. In product categories, which are not clearly hedonic or utilitarian, this interaction effect is not evident. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.     

伦理学视野中的企业社会责任理由解读

企业社会责任是指企业在突破仅对股东负责的传统理念限制后,以社会本位为着眼点,对非股东的利害关系人之权益承担的一定责任。企业社会责任具有特定的内涵与种类。企业应当承担社会责任,这不仅仅是社会正义的要求,同时,社会责任的承担对企业而言,并非只是负担。利税不能成为企业回避社会责任的借口。