An experimental analysis of task refusal: A comparison of negative reinforcement contingencies and transitions between academic tasks

The purpose of the study was to do an experimental analysis of academic task refusal for one girl with a developmental disability. Task refusal was analyzed in two experimental analyses. First, an analysis testing if the behavior was maintained by negative reinforcement, and the second, an analysis testing if the behavior was the result of transitioning between academic tasks differing in preference. Task refusal did not occur in the demand condition of the functional analysis, indicating that the behavior was not maintained by escape from demands. Conversely, task refusal occurred solely in the second experimental analysis when transitioning from a high-preferred to a low-preferred academic task. In this case, the context of terminating a preferred academic task and transitioning to a less preferred academic task was aversive but not the demand itself. In addition, when an embedded break condition was compared to a no break condition in a multielement design, task refusal was reduced to zero levels.     

广东省医学人文社科研究论文发表情况的文献计量分析

为了解广东省医学人文社会科学的发展现状,分析影响本省医学人文社会科学研究的因素,探寻促进本省医学人文社会科学人才队伍建设的方法,采用文献检索和计量分析方法,对2010年~2012年广东作者(包括单位和个人)发表的医学人文社科研究论文情况进行统计。结果显示,近三年来广东省发表的医学人文社科研究论文主要集中在医学院校和医院;内容以理论性研究和定性研究为主,实证调查研究较少;广东省医学人文社科类论文核心作者群共24人,发表文章170篇,占论文总数的18.6%,但依据普莱斯定律,医学人文社科核心作者群尚未形成。     

Running as a way fat women re-story their bodies and construct a runner identity in a North American sociocultural context

AimThis research sought to identify the process by which women who identify as fat or as not having a typical athletic body construct an athletic identity and persist in their running and other athletic endeavors despite body size-related barriers.MethodsFrom an online recruitment effort, 19 North American women runners in larger bodies completed interviews in which they told the story of how they had become runners. A narrative analysis with a feminist, constructivist approach was conducted to identify story types.ResultsFour narrative types were identified: reclaiming the body, reclaiming health, space-making, and future-imagining. Through finding a size- and pace-inclusive running community, running persistently, and completing races, women relinquished the stories they’d believed that their bodies were not athletic since childhood and constructed an identity of runner in a fat body.ConclusionsThese women’s engagement in running is a personal form of resistance against those who define athletic and healthy as “thin” or “fit.” They have found a welcoming athletic community and have moved on to leadership where they are working to make running accessible to other women in bodies like theirs. Those reading these narratives should consider ways in which fat bodies have been excluded from athletics, as well as ways to support the work being done by women runners in fat bodies to redefine health and athleticism.     

A Cross-Domain Growth Analysis: Externalizing and Internalizing Behaviors During 8 Years of Childhood

In a sample of 405 children assessed in kindergarten through the seventh grade, we determined the basic developmental trajectories of mother-reported and teacher-reported externalizing and internalizing behaviors using cross-domain latent growth modeling techniques. We also investigated the effects of race, socioeconomic level, gender, and sociometric peer-rejection status in kindergarten on these trajectories. The results indicated that, on average, the development of these behaviors was different depending upon the source of the data. We found evidence of the codevelopment of externalizing and internalizing behaviors within and across reporters. In addition, we found that African-American children had lower levels of externalizing behavior in kindergarten as reported by mothers than did European-American children but they had greater increases in these behaviors when reported by teachers. Children from homes with lower SES levels had higher initial levels of externalizing behaviors and teacher-reported internalizing behaviors. Males showed greater increases in teacher-reported externalizing behavior over time than did the females. Rejected children had trajectories of mother-reported externalizing and internalizing behavior that began at higher levels and either remained stable or increased more rapidly than did the trajectories for non-rejected children which decreased over time.     

Person-oriented profiles of originality and fluency in divergent thinking responses

Researchers often use divergent thinking tasks to assess creative potential and find a positive inter-individual relation between fluency and originality. But are there different within-person patterns of originality and fluency? Study 1: undergraduates completed an alternate uses task and the NEO-FFI. Three profiles emerged: (1) low originality and fluency; (2) above average originality, moderate fluency; and (3) average originality, high fluency. Study 2: high school students completed a divergent thinking task and 10 facets of the IPIP NEO-PI. Four profiles emerged: (1) average originality, moderate fluency; (2) above average originality, high fluency; (3) low originality and fluency; and (4) high originality, low fluency. Profile differences in personality and maximum originality, and implications of these findings are discussed.     

Exploration of Prelicensed Counselors’ Experiences Prioritizing Information for Clinical Supervision

This qualitative study explored prelicensed counselors’ experiences prioritizing information for clinical supervision. Through phenomenological interviews, 7 counselors seeking licensure discussed how they self‐report salient information to their supervisors. Using interpretative phenomenological analysis, the authors identified 3 themes: (a) learned to maximize supervision based on structure of supervision, (b) influences on decision to present, and (c) rationale for presenting client case. Implications for counselors and supervisors are discussed.     

《周易》断辞所蕴含的思想

断辞的差异性存在外露着作《易》者的价值取向。本文主要拈出断辞“悔”,透视其“悔亡”、“无悔”、“有悔(悔)”三种不同形态:以中、正、比、应等为切入点,玩观卦象,通过数理统计对各自的生成进行定量分析,于对比中彰显出《周易》之内蕴:一、正不如中、应(比)之善;二、执中有应为事物发展最根本的条件:三、得位是事物发展不可低估的要素;四、中正之为美。     

Relationship of Inglehart's and Schwartz's value dimensions revisited

This study examines the relationship between Inglehart's and Schwartz's value dimensions—both at the individual and the country levels. By rotating one set of items towards the other, we show that these value dimensions have more in common than previously reported. The ranking of countries (N = 47) based on Schwartz's Embeddedness—Autonomy and the Survival—Self‐Expression dimensions reached a maximum of similarity, r = .82, after rotating Inglehart's factor scores 27 degrees clockwise. The correlation between the other pair of dimensions (Schwartz's Hierarchy‐Mastery—Egalitarianism‐Harmony and Inglehart's Traditional—Secular‐Rational values) was near zero before and after rotation. At the individual level (N = 46,444), positive correlations were found for Schwartz's Conservation—Openness dimension with both of Inglehart's dimensions (Survival—Self‐Expression and Traditional—Secular‐Rational values). The highest correlation with this Schwartz dimension was obtained at the Secular‐Rational/Self‐Expression diagonal, r = .24, after rotating the factor scores 45 degrees clockwise. We conclude that Schwartz's and Inglehart's originally proposed two‐dimensional value structures share one dimension at the country level and some commonality at the individual level, whereas the respective other pair of dimensions seem to be more or less unrelated.     

高中生心理健康水平及其影响因素的研究

采用ＳＣＬ－９０量表评定了５００名高中生的心理健康状况,运用因素分析的方法探讨了影响高中生心理健康的主要因素。结果表明：有１０．８％的高中生存在着各种明显的心理健康问题;高中生的心理健康问题主要表现为强迫、敌对、偏执、人际关系敏感和忧郁等症状;影响高中生心理健康的主要因素为学校教育、家庭环境、社会文化及学生自身等方面的生活事件;高中生不同的心理健康问题有其不同的影响因素。     

初中生教师期望知觉评定量表的编制

教师期望是指教师在对学生的知觉感受基础上产生的对学生的行为结果的某种预测性认知,由教师的期望引起的对学生学习效果的影响就是教师期望效应。在根据罗森塔尔经上百个实验总结出的教师传递期望的表现的基础上,采用文献综述和实证分析相结合的方法来编制符合我国国情的初中生教师期望知觉评定量表,通过验证性因素分析确定该量表分为两个维度:积极效应与消极效应。对量表进行信、效度检验的结果表明,该量表具有较好的信度、效度指标。