The Role of Decision-Making Models and Reflection in Navigating Ethical Dilemmas

The ACA Code of Ethics (American Counseling Association [ACA], 2014) mandates counselor competency in using ethical decision-making models (EDMs) and mandates that counselors use an EDM when confronted with making ethical decisions. Additionally, researchers have highlighted the importance of counselors continually evaluating and reflecting when faced with ethical dilemmas and working through a decision-making model. Using a phenomenological research design, the authors examined how counselors address ethical dilemmas, including how reflection and EDMs are incorporated into the decision-making process. Emergent themes from data analysis include (a) incomplete following of EDMs, (b) varied dilemmas, (c) power, and (d) ethics training.     

高技术的伦理风险及其应对

当代高技术的迅速崛起正日益改变世界,高技术的发展更增加了高技术伦理风险负效应的不确定性,既提供了更多的道德选择的可能性,又提出了严峻的挑战,进而使高技术的道德选择成为高技术活动主体不可回避的问题。为了在高技术的道德选择中尽可能减少高技术伦理风险负效应,就必须坚持必仁且智的价值取向、德得相通的运作方略、内圣外王的探究智慧,进而达到天人合一的澄明之境———使人-社会-自然系统协调发展。     

医务人员对医学科研伦理的认知及培训情况调查

调查某三甲医院医务人员对医学科研伦理的认知及培训情况。选取该院300名医务人员作为研究对象,了解其对医学伦理委员会的认知情况以及教育培训情况。结果显示,医务人员对医院设置医学伦理委员会、科研需通过委员会审核的认知及工作期间参加医学伦理学培训的占比分别为48.33%、39.33%和54.00%;医生对医学伦理委员会的知晓情况优于技师和护士,硕士及以上学历的医务人员对医学伦理委员会的知晓情况优于大专及以下学历,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。医务人员对医学伦理学的认识不足,工作期间接受的培训也较少,医院应重视医学伦理学的建设工作。     

中国古代关于"家"的哲学论纲

Unlike traditional Western philosophy, which places no special emphasis on the importance of family structure, traditional Chinese philosophy represented by Confucianism is a set of theories that give family a primary position. With family as the foundation, a complete framework of “human body → two genders → family and clan” is formed. Therefore, family in Chinese philosophy is existent, gender-interactive and diachronic. It should also be noted that family also plays a fundamental role in Chinese theories on cosmology, religion, and many other subjects. In other words, Chinese culture as a whole is imprinted with reflections on family. Nowadays, as the value of family becomes less prominent, re-examining ancient Chinese philosophy will undoubtedly bear theoretical significance. Meanwhile, traditional Chinese philosophy can also offer an ideological framework for the re-construction of family values in the contemporary world. __________ Translated by Zhang Shaoqian from Zhexue yanjiu 哲学研究 (Philosophical Researches), 2008, (1): 56–63     

组织诚信:超越个体品德的组织伦理和行为

由于市场经济活动中的交易行为更多是组织层面的行为,企业组织诚信相比较于个体诚信来说对社会公众就具有更广泛和更普遍的影响。本文辨析了组织诚信与个体诚信的异同,指出组织诚信是组织作为社会环境中的道德行为者,自觉遵守商业经营的一系列价值和伦理规则。文章揭示了组织诚信的作用,以及它成为组织战略性资产的定位,并进一步提出了建设组织诚信的基本路径。     

英国研究伦理审查体系及其启示

全面介绍了英国当前医学研究伦理审查体系与现行法规,总结其特色在于:建立了全国自上而下的中央化审查管理模式,独立于研究者、资助方、申办方以及开展研究的机构;分布在不同区域的各类别伦理委员会采用全国统一的标准操作规程运行;通过电子信息化系统统一受理全国的伦理申请;伦理审查采用与项目特点相称的审查形式,并关注公众参与及受试者权益保护等。结合国内现状,提出建立更全面的伦理监管体系并探索多样化的伦理审查形式。另外,医疗机构内应加强临床研究全流程管理,确保伦理委员会聚焦并围绕受试者权益保护,进行充分、有效的伦理审查。     

Teaching for adaptive expertise in biomedical engineering ethics

This paper considers an approach to teaching ethics in bioengineering based on the How People Learn (HPL) framework. Curricula based on this framework have been effective in mathematics and science instruction from the kindergarten to the college levels. This framework is well suited to teaching bioengineering ethics because it helps learners develop “adaptive expertise”. Adaptive expertise refers to the ability to use knowledge and experience in a domain to learn in unanticipated situations. It differs from routine expertise, which requires using knowledge appropriately to solve routine problems. Adaptive expertise is an important educational objective for bioengineers because the regulations and knowledge base in the discipline are likely to change significantly over the course of their careers. This study compares the performance of undergraduate bioengineering students who learned about ethics for stem cell research using the HPL method of instruction to the performance of students who learned following a standard lecture sequence. Both groups learned the factual material equally well, but the HPL group was more prepared to act adaptively when presented with a novel situation.     

The Search for the Source of Epistemic Good

Knowledge has almost always been treated as good, better than mere true belief, but it is remarkably difficult to explain what it is about knowledge that makes it better. I call this "the value problem." I have previously argued that most forms of reliabilism cannot handle the value problem. In this article I argue that the value problem is more general than a problem for reliabilism, infecting a host of different theories, including some that are internalist. An additional problem is that not all instances of true belief seem to be good on balance, so even if a given instance of knowing p is better than merely truly believing p , not all instances of knowing will be good enough to explain why knowledge has received so much attention in the history of philosophy. The article aims to answer two questions: (1) What makes knowing p better than merely truly believing p ? The answer involves an exploration of the connection between believing and the agency of the knower. Knowing is an act in which the knower gets credit for achieving truth. (2) What makes some instances of knowing good enough to make the investigation of knowledge worthy of so much attention? The answer involves the connection between the good of believing truths of certain kinds and a good life. In the best kinds of knowing, the knower not only gets credit for getting the truth but also gets credit for getting a desirable truth. The kind of value that makes knowledge a fitting object of extensive philosophical inquiry is not independent of moral value and the wider values of a good life.     

易学中的人学思想

易学是“范围天地”、“曲成万物”,利用自然现象以求人事、关心人之学。但不无遗憾的是从来无人把易学作为人学来研究。本文认为易学即人学。人学是关心人、研究人的学问。易学从人的生命意义、生命价值的基础上探索人在自然界的形成、演化以及人性的内容等,在解释《易经》的系统中,阐述了人其所以为人的内容,从天地设位、大化流行、三材之道、性命之理、裁成辅相、弥纶天地、情见乎辞、继之者善、自强不息、人文化成等十个方面,构建了一个古老的人学系统。